Abstract
This paper deals with several aspects of context in lexicography. Section 1 briefly mentions some different approaches to the concept context in various fields. Section 2 puts the focus on ...different uses and perceptions of the concept context in lexicography, contrasting it with related concepts, such as cotext, contextualization and contextual information. A more comprehensive discussion also covers different aspects of the occurrence of the concept context in dictionary research, with specific reference to central aspects of the so-called inner and outer context. Various portals, dictionaries and dictionary entries will illustrate the above-mentioned approaches. Section 3 approaches the subject from a user perspective. Section 4 addresses the question How can contextual data be extracted or generated? To answer this question, some methods and tools for (automatic) acquisition and analysis of contextual data, – in particular of the local contextual data in terms of Faber and León-Araúz (2016) – are introduced. Examples of these are lexical databases or semantic networks, like WordNet, and corpora, like Sketch Engine, or predictive methods, like Word2vec and similar ones. Some advantages and disadvantages of specific data acquisition tools used for the analysis of local contextual data are indicated. This section also contributes to a more detailed discussion of the automatic generation of the so-called local syntactic-semantic context or word environment, specifically of the building of syntactic-semantic argument patterns and their examples.
What is Existence? A Matter of Co(n)text Barbero, Carola; Domaneschi, Filippo; Enrici, Ivan ...
Acta analytica : philosophy and psychology,
03/2024, Letnik:
39, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In this paper, we present some experimental findings whose best explanation, first of all, provides a positive answer to a philosophical question in ontology as to whether, in the overall domain of ...beings, there are fictional characters (
ficta
) over and above concrete individuals. Moreover, since such findings arise out of different comparisons between fictional characters and concrete individuals on the one hand and fictional characters again and non-items that do not belong at all to such an overall domain on the other hand, they also suggest that
ficta
are allowed as inhabiting a particular subrealm of that domain distinct from the one inhabited by concrete individuals, as previous findings in cognitive psychology had suggested.
Addressing equivalence prevails in a dictionary article when all the translation equivalents in the translation equivalent paradigm are represented in the target language examples in the cotext ...section and each target language example contains a translation equivalent that appears in the translation equivalent paradigm. The disruption of this equivalence takes place as a result of the procedures of underaddressing (when not all the translation equivalents in the translation equivalent paradigm are represented in the target language examples in the cotext section) and overaddressing (when target language examples contain translation equivalents that do not appear in the translation equivalent paradigm). In a polyfunctional bilingual dictionary addressing equivalence represents the ideal addressing structure between translation equivalent paradigm and cotext section. In Afrikaans bilingual dictionaries, addressing equivalence is rare, but this seems to be the case in bilingual dictionaries of other languages also. Although instances of underaddressing can be neutralised relatively easily, a deeper investigation into overaddressing has found that most target language examples that seem to be symptomatic of overaddressing indeed contribute to communicative equivalence in spite of a would-be deficient addressing structure. This is because these target language examples do not function as true examples (that illustrate the behaviour of translation equivalents), but are in fact cotextual specifiers that represent a functional procedure of contextual translation equivalent exclusion, through which the target user is advised of the non-usability of the translation equivalents offered in the translation equivalent paradigm in certain contexts. This finding requires a re-appreciation of addressing structures in general and the principle of addressing equivalence in particular.
This article focuses on various aspects regarding contextualization when e-texts are linked to integrated dictionaries. The article responds to a twofold problem statement: (1) Dictionaries linked to ...e-texts do not sufficiently take into account the contextualization and cotextualization of words when providing information to users. (2) The integrated dictionary may contain the items needed for contextualization and cotextualization, but the e-device cannot interpret the context of a word and link the word to the relevant item in the dictionary article. The aim of the article is to show the need of linking a word from a text on an e-device to the correct sense in the integrated dictionary. This presupposes dynamic dictionary articles and lexicographic structures in which a relation between words in an e-text and user-specified lexicographic sources is established. Some existing projects that perform such linking are discussed and evaluated. Based on these results this article makes some suggestions. It is foreseen that there will be a "black box" of software between the selected word and the dictionary that will determine the correct lemma and sense to be selected from the e-dictionary. Having discussed various alternatives, the article suggests parallel contextualization between the dictionary and the software of the e-device. Many aspects discussed in this article require further research. Relevant proposals are made with regard to this research.
Examples and Overaddressing in Bilingual Dictionaries. Addressing equivalence prevails in a dictionary article when all the translation equivalents in the translation equivalent paradigm are ...represented in the target language examples in the cotext section and each target language example contains a translation equivalent that appears in the translation equivalent paradigm. The disruption of this equivalence takes place as a result of the procedures of underaddressing (when not all the translation equivalents in the translation equivalent paradigm are represented in the target language examples in the cotext section) and overaddressing (when target language examples contain translation equivalents that do not appear in the translation equivalent paradigm). In a polyfunctional bilingual dictionary addressing equivalence represents the ideal addressing structure between translation equivalent paradigm and cotext section. In Afrikaans bilingual dictionaries, addressing equivalence is rare, but this seems to be the case in bilingual dictionaries of other languages also. Although instances of underaddressing can be neutralised relatively easily, a deeper investigation into overaddressing has found that most target language examples that seem to be symptomatic of overaddressing indeed contribute to communicative equivalence in spite of a would-be deficient addressing structure. This is because these target language examples do not function as true examples (that illustrate the behaviour of translation equivalents), but are in fact cotextual specifiers that represent a functional procedure of contextual translation equivalent exclusion, through which the target user is advised of the non-usability of the translation equivalents offered in the translation equivalent paradigm in certain contexts. This finding requires a re-appreciation of addressing structures in general and the principle of addressing equivalence in particular. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Adresseringsekwivalensie geld in 'n woordeboekartikel wanneer al die vertaalekwivalente in die vertaalekwivalentparadigma neerslag vind in die doeltaalvoorbeelde in die koteksafdeling en elke ...doeltaalvoorbeeld 'n vertaalekwivalent bevat wat in die vertaalekwivalentparadigma voorkom. Die versteuring van hierdie ekwivalensie vind plaas deur prosedures van onderadressering (wanneer nie al die vertaalekwivalente in die vertaalekwivalentparadigma in doeltaalvoorbeelde in die koteksafdeling neerslag vind nie) en ooradressering (wanneer doeltaalvoorbeelde vertaalekwivalente bevat wat nie in die vertaalekwivalentparadigma voorkom nie). In 'n polifunksionele tweetalige woordeboek verteenwoordig adresseringsekwivalensie die ideale adresseringstruktuur tussen vertaalekwivalentparadigma en koteksafdeling. In Afrikaanse tweetalige woordeboeke is adresseringsekwivalensie egter skaars, maar dit blyk in tweetalige woordeboeke van ander tale ook die geval te wees. Hoewel gevalle van onderadressering relatief maklik geneutraliseer kan word, bevind 'n dieper ondersoek na gevalle van ooradressering dat die meeste doeltaalvoorbeelde wat simptomaties van ooradressering blyk te wees, wel tot kommunikatiewe ekwivalensie bydra ten spyte van 'n oënskynlik gebrekkige adresseringstruktuur. Dít is omdat hierdie doeltaalvoorbeelde nie as ware voorbeelde (wat die optrede van vertaalekwivalente illustreer) funksioneer nie, maar in der waarheid optree as kotekstuele spesifiseerders wat 'n funksionele prosedure van kontekstuele vertaalekwivalentuitsluiting verteenwoordig, waardeur die teikengebruiker gewys word op die nié-bruikbaarheid van die aangebode vertaalekwivalente in die vertaalekwivalentparadigma in bepaalde kontekste. Hierdie bevinding noop 'n herwaardering van adresseringstrukture in die algemeen en die beginsel van adresseringsekwivalensie in die besonder. Examples and overaddressing in bilingual dictionaries Addressing equivalence prevails in a dictionary article when all the translation equivalents in the translation equivalent paradigm are represented in the target language examples in the cotext section and each target language example contains a translation equivalent that appears in the translation equivalent paradigm. The disruption of this equivalence takes place as a result of the procedures of underaddressing (when not all the translation equivalents in the translation equivalent paradigm are represented in the target language examples in the cotext section) and overaddressing (when target language examples contain translation equivalents that do not appear in the translation equivalent paradigm). In a polyfunctional bilingual dictionary addressing equivalence represents the ideal addressing structure between translation equivalent paradigm and cotext section. In Afrikaans bilingual dictionaries, addressing equivalence is rare, but this seems to be the case in bilingual dictionaries of other languages also. Although instances of underaddressing can be neutralised relatively easily, a deeper investigation into overaddressing has found that most target language examples that seem to be symptomatic of overaddressing indeed contribute to communicative equivalence in spite of a would-be deficient addressing structure. This is because these target language examples do not function as true examples (that illustrate the behaviour of translation equivalents), but are in fact cotextual specifiers that represent a functional procedure of contextual translation equivalent exclusion, through which the target user is advised of the non-usability of the translation equivalents offered in the translation equivalent paradigm in certain contexts. This finding requires a re-appreciation of addressing structures in general and the principle of addressing equivalence in particular.
Adresseringsekwivalensie geld in 'n woordeboekartikel wanneer al die vertaalekwivalente in die vertaalekwivalentparadigma neerslag vind in die doeltaalvoorbeelde in die koteksafdeling en elke ...doeltaalvoorbeeld 'n vertaalekwivalent bevat wat in die vertaalekwivalentparadigma voorkom. Die versteuring van hierdie ekwivalensie vind plaas deur prosedures van onderadressering (wanneer nie al die vertaalekwivalente in die vertaalekwivalentparadigma in doeltaalvoorbeelde in die koteksafdeling neerslag vind nie) en ooradressering (wanneer doeltaalvoorbeelde vertaalekwivalente bevat wat nie in die vertaalekwivalentparadigma voorkom nie). In 'n polifunksionele tweetalige woordeboek verteenwoordig adresseringsekwivalensie die ideale adresseringstruktuur tussen vertaalekwivalentparadigma en koteksafdeling. In Afrikaanse tweetalige woordeboeke is adresseringsekwivalensie egter skaars, maar dit blyk in tweetalige woordeboeke van ander tale ook die geval te wees. Hoewel gevalle van onderadressering relatief maklik geneutraliseer kan word, bevind 'n dieper ondersoek na gevalle van ooradressering dat die meeste doeltaalvoorbeelde wat simptomaties van ooradressering blyk te wees, wel tot kommunikatiewe ekwivalensie bydra ten spyte van 'n oënskynlik gebrekkige adresseringstruktuur. Dít is omdat hierdie doeltaalvoorbeelde nie as ware voorbeelde (wat die optrede van vertaalekwivalente illustreer) funksioneer nie, maar in der waarheid optree as kotekstuele spesifiseerders wat 'n funksionele prosedure van kontekstuele vertaalekwivalentuitsluiting verteenwoordig, waardeur die teikengebruiker gewys word op die nié-bruikbaarheid van die aangebode vertaalekwivalente in die vertaalekwivalentparadigma in bepaalde kontekste. Hierdie bevinding noop 'n herwaardering van adresseringstrukture in die algemeen en die beginsel van adresseringsekwivalensie in die besonder. Examples and overaddressing in bilingual dictionaries Addressing equivalence prevails in a dictionary article when all the translation equivalents in the translation equivalent paradigm are represented in the target language examples in the cotext section and each target language example contains a translation equivalent that appears in the translation equivalent paradigm. The disruption of this equivalence takes place as a result of the procedures of underaddressing (when not all the translation equivalents in the translation equivalent paradigm are represented in the target language examples in the cotext section) and overaddressing (when target language examples contain translation equivalents that do not appear in the translation equivalent paradigm). In a polyfunctional bilingual dictionary addressing equivalence represents the ideal addressing structure between translation equivalent paradigm and cotext section. In Afrikaans bilingual dictionaries, addressing equivalence is rare, but this seems to be the case in bilingual dictionaries of other languages also. Although instances of underaddressing can be neutralised relatively easily, a deeper investigation into overaddressing has found that most target language examples that seem to be symptomatic of overaddressing indeed contribute to communicative equivalence in spite of a would-be deficient addressing structure. This is because these target language examples do not function as true examples (that illustrate the behaviour of translation equivalents), but are in fact cotextual specifiers that represent a functional procedure of contextual translation equivalent exclusion, through which the target user is advised of the non-usability of the translation equivalents offered in the translation equivalent paradigm in certain contexts. This finding requires a re-appreciation of addressing structures in general and the principle of addressing equivalence in particular.
The article discusses the treatment of zero equivalence in an English–Slovene dictionary (ESD). The absence of equivalents in the TL is marked by two symbols: Ø (a complete absence of any equivalent) ...and # (equivalence at the level of the entire message rather than at word level). Sixty-five lemmata in the ESD contain a slashed zero, a hash or both, but one and the same entry can contain more than one symbol. Detailed results are presented by parts of speech of the lemmata, starting with a numerical analysis, which is followed by analysis of the content of illustrative examples. Then follows a detailed discussion of lemmata expressing pragmatic meaning in the SL, lemmata with lexico-grammatical, grammatical and lexical differences between the SL and the TL as well as lemmata with a number of SL senses included under one sense in the ESD. In the ESD, the problem of zero equivalence is mostly solved by the inclusion of translated examples of use. Another method employed in the ESD is the use of short descriptions of the function of the lemma or one of its senses. In this way, a more successful and thorough retrieval of information can be achieved with every look-up. Benaderings tot die hantering van zero-ekwivalensie in 'n tweetalige woordeboek.Die hantering van zero-ekwivalensie in 'n Engels–Sloveense woordeboek (ESD) word in hierdie artikel bespreek. Die afwesigheid van ekwivalente in die doeltaal (DT) word aangedui deur twee simbole: Ø ('n totale afwesigheid van enige ekwivalent) en # (ekwivalensie op die vlak van die volle boodskap eerder as op die vlak van 'n woord). Vyf-en-sestig lemmas in die ESD bevat 'n nul met 'n skuinsstreep daardeur, 'n hutsmerker of albei, maar een inskrywing kan meer as een simbool bevat. Die resultate word uitvoerig voorgehou volgens die woordsoort van die lemmas, en begin met 'n syferkundige ontleding, gevolg deur 'n ontleding van die inhoud van die toeligtende voorbeelde. Daarna volg 'n gedetailleerde bespreking van lemmas wat 'n pragmatiese betekenis uitdruk in die BT, lemmas met leksiko-grammatikale, grammatikale en leksikale verskille tussen die BT en die DT, sowel as lemmas met 'n aantal BT-betekenisse gegroepeer onder een betekenisonderskeiding in die ESD. Die probleem van zero-ekwivalensie word meestal in die ESD opgelos deur die insluiting van vertaalde gebruiksvoorbeelde. 'n Ander metode wat in die ESD gebruik word, is die gebruik van kort beskrywings van die lemma se funksie of van een van sy betekenisse. Op hierdie manier kan 'n meer suksesvolle en deeglike onttrekking van inligting gedoen word tydens elke opsoeksessie.
Collocations represent an item type that is frequently presented and treated in an insufficient way in dictionaries. It is cumbersome for the user to distinguish between collocations and example ...sentences, and dictionaries often include no additional treatment directed exclusively at collocations. In this contribution the need is shown for the recognition of collocations as an item type. It is suggested that they should be presented in such a way in dictionary articles that they can function as secondary guiding elements. Besides their inclusion in dictionaries collocations also need to receive a treatment that makes provision for, in many instances, at least an example sentence but that could also include, when necessary, stylistic and other labels and even a brief paraphrase of meaning. It is shown how collocations are presented and treated in a few existing dictionaries. These presentations are criticised and proposals are made for an improved presentation. In this regard Wiegand's model for a semi-integrated microstructure is adapted to provide for the presentation of collocations in their own non-integrated search zone. Besides the explicit presentation of single collocations proposals are made for an implicit presentation of complex collocations. From a single item form users should then be able to retrieve different items. Although the discussion primarily focuses on printed dictionaries proposals are also made for the presentation of collocations in online dictionaries. Die aanbieding en bewerking van kollokasies as sekondêre gidselemente in woordeboeke. Kollokasies is 'n aanduidertipe in woordeboeke waarvan die aanbieding en bewerking dikwels onvoldoende is. Dit is vir die gebruiker moeilik om kollokasies van voorbeeldsinne te onderskei en woordeboeke bied dikwels geen bykomende bewerking wat uitsluitlik op kollokasies gerig is nie. In hierdie bydrae word die behoefte aan 'n volwaardige erkenning van kollokasies as aanduidertipe bepleit. Daar word voorgestel dat die aanbieding in woordeboekartikels sodanig moet wees dat hulle as sekondêre gidselemente kan optree. Naas die opname van kollokasies moet daar ook 'n bewerking gebied word wat vir minstens 'n voorbeeldsin maar waar nodig ook vir styl- of ander etikette en selfs vir 'n bondige betekenisparafrase voorsiening maak. Daar word gewys op die manier waarop kollokasies in enkele bestaande woordeboeke opgeneem en bewerk word. Kritiek word hierop uitgespreek en voorstelle word aan die hand gedoen vir 'n verbeterede aanbieding. In hierdie verband word Wiegand se model van 'n semi-geïntegreerde mikrostruktuur aangepas om voorsiening te maak vir die aanbieding van kollokasies in 'n eie niegeïntegreerde soeksone. Naas die eksplisiete aanbieding van enkelkollokasies word voorstelle gemaak vir 'n implisiete aanbieding van komplekse kollokasies. Vanuit een aanduidervorm moet gebruikers daartoe in staat wees om verskillende aanduiders te kan onttrek. Die bespreking is primêr op gedrukte woordeboeke gerig, maar voorstelle word ook gemaak vir die aanbieding van kollokasies in aanlynwoordeboeke.
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