The Indonesian nation consists of ethnic groups consisting of many tribes, races, classes, religions, and cultures that demand Indonesian people. The reality that occurred in the community was found ...about the contradictions between religious communities who demanded that Indonesia overcome it with formulation policies or which were part of the action through criminal law policies (criminal policy. This research aims to describe the formulation policy regarding religious offenses in Indonesia. normative that puts forward secondary data in the process of finding conclusions Article 156 and Article 156A of the Criminal Code is a state policy to assist with religious fish interest policies that have succeeded in solving the Indonesian nation, protecting the integrity and national defense of the Indonesian nation.
The paper addresses the complexities surrounding the establishment of criminal liability for actions concerning the destruction, illegal extraction, and trafficking of particularly valuable, rare, ...and protected flora specimens. Official statistics data regarding the frequency of criminal acts committed in the realm of natural resource management and environmental protection are provided, offering a clear depiction of the state of legal protection and conservation efforts concerning flora specimens. To substantiate the rationale behind criminalizing acts pertaining to the destruction, illicit trafficking, and extraction of rare plant and fungi species, the author furnishes specific examples showcasing legislative violations in the realm of flora protection. An analysis of current criminal law, particularly Chapter 26 “Environmental Crimes”, is conducted to evaluate the efficacy of existing measures in safeguarding particularly valuable and rare flora specimens. Upon analyzing judicial statistics data, it has been determined that the current provisions of criminal law concerning the protection of flora specimens (Article 259 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) are ineffective and largely unenforced. To enhance the effectiveness of protecting particularly valuable flora specimens, it is imperative to implement new legal mechanisms aimed at preserving and sustaining Russia's unique biological diversity. The article provides a description of the offense, for which liability is stipulated in Article 260.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: “Intentional destruction or damage, as well as illegal extraction, collection, and trafficking of particularly valuable plants and fungi species belonging to those listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and/or protected by international treaties of the Russian Federation”. It is especially noted that with the enactment of Article 260.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the legislator has adopted a unified approach to the criminal law protection and preservation of both wildlife and plant species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and/ or protected by international treaties of the Russian Federation. The elements of criminal offenses (as well as sanctions for them), the responsibility for which is established by Article 260.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, are constructed by analogy with Article 258.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The conclusion is made about the expediency and necessity of criminalization in domestic legislation of acts related to the extraction and trafficking of especially valuable plants and fungi listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. The author makes proposals to improve criminal legislation in the field of establishing liability provided for in Article 260.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a substantial problem in Canada, leading to over 100,000 victims reporting to police in Canada annually. However, there is no legal definition or Canadian Criminal ...Code offence for IPV. The purpose of this study was to examine how judges in the Canadian prairie provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba) define IPV in criminal cases. One hundred full-text, written judicial decisions from 2016 to 2022 were analyzed. Findings indicate that judges tend to discuss IPV as it relates to sexual and psychological violence; threats, coercive control, and physical violence; isolation and stalking; economic abuse and threats to take children away. Given that current Canadian law does not recognize psychological abuse as a criminal offence, this may signal a need for the creation of a legal definition of IPV to align with how more directly it is being discussed in courtrooms.
Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the ritual cutting of some or all of the external female genitalia, practiced mainly in countries in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. We present two cases of ...women, respectively 27 years old and 35 years old, sought asylum in the Republic of Bulgaria as migrants from different African countries, and one of them had two normal pregnancies and, respectively, two births of healthy children. The two women reported that at different periods of their childhood (at the age of 7 and 14, respectively) they had been "circumcised" against their will by "specialists" (elderly women), without anesthesia and prior disinfection of the "operative field", they were immobilized by four or five men, each holding one of their limbs and one sitting on the abdomen. The procedures were performed with a "razor" or model knife, respectively. In both cases there were clinically manifested with bleeding, secretions and subsequent infections from the surgical wounds. To overcome these consequences they used for a long period bandages and performed cleansing the areas with local herbal decoctions (in violation of the basic principles of asepsis and antiseptics). Both patients reported that the healing processes of this "operative" procedure and the subsequent "treatment" lasted an extremely long time (one of them said that such inflammatory changes in the area of the operative scar often occur in the last year). In addition, they confessed that they have never in their lives experienced any sexual pleasure, but on the contrary have experienced pain in most of their sexual intercourse. The forensic examination of both females revealed a complete lack of glans and / or partial or complete absence of the clitoral body. In their proper areas, an old scar was observed, taking into account the presence of pain in both patients that occurred when stretching the labia, as well as during palpation in the area of the established scar. Thanks to governmental and non-governmental national and international organizations, programs have been established since the middle of the last century to stop or reduce the spread of FGM. Clauses prohibiting this practice are included in a large number of international legal instruments and in the legislation of many countries around the world.
Canada is currently considering legislating an offence of coercive control. Coercive controlling behaviour is currently criminalized in the UK, Scotland, Ireland, Northern Ireland and New South ...Wales, Australia. Potential benefits of the implementation of a coercive control offence in Canada include enhancing victim/survivor safety with access to protective orders; allowing police to respond in situations where physical violence is not occurring and, importantly, respond in a way that is reflective of the type of violence being enacted and the assessed risk; moving beyond an incident-based view of intimate partner violence to recognize patterns; improving perpetrator accountability and opportunities for risk management; sending a clear message that these behaviours are unacceptable; enhancing public awareness of coercive control; bringing the Criminal Code in line with other recent legislation; and creating consistency between family and criminal courts. This article summarizes the concept of coercive control, including gendered implications and risks for domestic homicide; the need for a coercive control offence, including support from professionals; and guidance for the implementation of a coercive control offence, including promising practices from international legislation, risk assessment, training for police and other professionals, and evaluation and data gathering.
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