Timber is one of the most elementary and oldest building materials used by mankind, and has still not lost any of its attractiveness and topicality. In many cultural spheres and climate zones, the ...primary construction methods of domestic architecture include both masonry construction and timber construction. However, this living, lightweight, and easy-to-work material has specific characteristics that impact on the way it is used in construction in different ways compared to other building materials. In order to develop high-quality designs that suit the material, architects need to be familiar with the specific characteristics of this building material and with the rules governing timber construction. The new edition of the successful Basics Timber Construction volume lists the most common solid timber construction systems, including that using solid timber wall elements, as well as the rules, applications, and the relevant details.
Construction Grammar explains how knowledge of language is organized in speakers' minds. The central and radical claim of Construction Grammar is that linguistic knowledge can be fully described as ...knowledge of constructions, which are defined as symbolic units that connect a linguistic form with meaning.
Abstract This paper proposes two major modifications to previous analyses of the resultative V -de construction in Mandarin Chinese. First, while -de is argued to be prepositional in nature, it is ...shown at the same time that -de is different from other regular prepositions in that the former, but not the latter, undergoes head movement in a resultative. To reconcile these apparently conflicting observations, we propose to treat -de as the exponent of a prepositional categorizer. Second, we argue that a small clause analysis of the resultative V -de construction is not only conceptually motivated by the Direct Object Restriction but also empirically supported by the fact that it can participate in the bǎ alternation, as with constructions that are canonically assumed to contain a small clause.
Construction material represents a major component of the project cost. Therefore, it is essential to control material on construction job sites. Efficient material management system requires ...trade-offs and optimized balance among elements of material cost including purchase cost, storage cost, opportunity cost, ordering cost, and unavailability cost. Thus, there is a need to develop an automated method for optimizing the delivery and inventory of construction materials not only in the planning phase but also in the construction phase to account for introduced changes. In this research a novel genetic algorithm – multi-layer perceptron (GA-MLP) method is proposed to generate optimized material delivery schedule. Multi-layer perceptron (MLP) is utilized to improve genetic algorithm (GA) by generating memory to overcome local minima encountered in applying GA for optimization. This automated method supports contractors to buy construction materials with the least cost and without leading to material shortage or surplus. The proposed automated method has been validated through a numerical example. The obtained results demonstrate that GA-MLP outperform GA in optimizing construction material inventory.
The history of the philosophical exchanges between China and the West is the history of the translations between the two traditions. On the western side, after the Jesuits, the range of translators ...became gradually broader. On the Chinese side, many intellectuals introduced Western classics in their language in the twentieth century. This led several historians to argue that Chinese philosophy took off with the translation-comparison of both traditions. However, not all comparisons are of equal value. Thus, translation in philosophy implies comparing concepts or arguments and considering all the cultural references involved. This means taking a risk and accepting a limit. A risk is to be taken because translating interprets a “foreign thought” according to one’s context. This implies disclosing one’s presuppositions. There is a limit because transitioning from one set of references to another implies welcoming a part of “untranslatable” that always remains. According to Ricoeur’s words, “linguistic hospitality” is required here. This article first presents two interpretations of the translationcomparison processes. In the last part, it describes the necessity of linguistic hospitality in the context of Comparative Philosophy.
This article pursues the aim of pointing out the occidental Personalism (that developed in Europe between the XVIIIth and the XXth century) as probably the most appropriate basis for justify the ...concept of “hospitality” together with the possible relative doctrine and praxis. We discuss the thought of many personalist thinkers and the thought of those thinkers that are near to the Personalism (but always taking as basis the thought of Edith Stein and Nikolaj Berdjaev). With this aim we attempt to propose a new concept of person along the global personalist thinking, toward the ethical demanded by the concept of “hospitality”. Thus the concept of person seems to us the best way to approach “hospitality”. In fact this new concept of person and the rise of “hospitality” enables a view free of ideological extremisms.
The path articulated in this paper has as its background and horizon the question of hospitality. In order to propose a re-thinking of this concept and the practices related to it, in this paper an ...attempt will be made to analyze the phenomenology of hostility starting from the analysis of the concepts of the stranger and the foreigner, and then focusing on the concept of community in order to outline the assumptions of a philosophy of hospitality. The thesis of this work is that identity can only be defined in relation to otherness and that the latter does not come from an external dimension but from an internal dimension. In this sense, the stranger who must be welcomed is the one who is always on the verge of arriving and who in his coming always crosses the threshold, the limit that establishes the division between the inside and the outside, between the proper and the foreign.
Philosophy is a paradoxical form of knowledge, and its contradictions can only be resolved by invoking the idea of a hospitality offered to every philosopher. It can itself be defined, in its way of ...operating, as radical hospitality offered to whatever is not itself.
The concept of the 'building event' has been central within recent geographies of architecture, marshalled against the assumption that buildings are stable or textual. Buildings, in these studies, ...emerge out of contingent relations among various configurations of human and non-human actors. Yet it is possible, other studies suggest, that this focus on the 'building' as the centre of the 'building event' has overlooked long-standing historical processes that are only visible if we consider aspects of contemporary construction industries. This study examines the relation between building events and construction industries from the point of view of one 'big thing' that has received little explicit attention from geographers: the procurement route and its associated selection procedures for architects and contractors. 'Big things' that circulate throughout the construction industry, procurement routes are organised around an understanding of building as a process that is nevertheless static and object-like. I examine engagements between procurement routes and architects through interviews, document analysis and participant observation. I suggest that procurement routes are additional actors within 'building events', resembling the actor-network theoretical notion of the 'script' while, unlike the script, anticipating their own de-scription. I conclude by pointing to opportunities for geographies of architectural scripts.
The axial and radial thermal responses of a cast-in-place energy pile, 10 m long and 0.6 m in diameter, installed in unsaturated sand under a six storey building are examined during a heating–cooling ...cycle. The instrumentation in the pile was configured to compare radial and axial thermal responses at the same elevations and to evaluate the temperature and axial thermal stress distribution across the cross-sectional area of the pile. The magnitudes of the axial thermal strains were more constrained than the radial thermal strains at all depths, leading to the development of axial and radial thermal stresses of up to –4.5 and –0.015 MPa, respectively, for a change in average pile temperature of 24.1 °C. The magnitudes of the radial thermal stresses with changes in pile temperature were significantly lower than the axial thermal stresses at all depths of the pile, indicating that the radial thermal expansion had negligible effects on the development of axial thermal strains and stresses. The temperature distribution over the cross section of the pile showed low variations at all depths, indicating that it would be justified to consider a uniform temperature distribution at least in piles of similar dimensions and with even heat exchanger layouts.
PDF