This paper maps and describes how prototypes are used to elicit requirements of unknown unknowns in industry. Eight engineering design companies serve as a dataset for a multi-case investigation. By ...semi-quantitatively analysing 19 prototypes in terms of functionality, timing, stakeholder involvement and requirement elicitation, we present a wide spectrum of prototype utilizations. However, this broad span leads to misunderstandings of what the term ‘prototype’ encompasses, hindering exploitation of its full potential. Hence, we introduce the term ‘prototrial’ that covers functional prototypes utilized in the early stages of the design process, prototypes that effectively elicit unknown unknowns. With this contribution, we encourage introducing mind-sets and behaviours that aim at exploration and learning rather than lean implementation – a prototrial-driven culture.
•We map the current use of prototypes in 8 different companies.•Prototypes can be used to elicit unknown unknowns throughout the design process.•High functional prototypes built early in the process are especially useful to identify a wide range of unknown unknowns.•We propose a new term, ‘prototrial’ and ‘prototrial-driven cultures’ to describe this specific prototype use.
Abstract The study aims to identify the relations between creative design quality and content of the memorising precedents, association, and combination of information processes in a design context. ...71 participants were recruited to finish a creative design task. Think aloud and interview were conducted during and after the creative design task to understand the content of the memorising precedents, association, and combination of information processes. The 71 creative designs were then assessed by five experts in creative design. The results from this study revealed that participants who generated high-creativity design tend to memorize various topic-related precedents, associate items based on topic-related information, and combine topic-related information with products. Participants who generated low-creativity design tend to memorize characteristics of a specific space of the design topic, associate items based on specific topic-related information, and add the topic-related pattern to a product.
Real-world design projects often involve designers and non-design professionals from the same or different organisations. Power asymmetries permeate such projects. However, prevailing design research ...implicitly assumes that framing—an essential practice that pervades the design process—unfolds within relatively equitable interpersonal negotiations. The dynamics in framing across the individual and collective levels under power asymmetric conditions remain largely underexplored. We conducted a cross-level analysis of 48 early-stage product design sessions, drawing on a field study conducted at a design consultancy. Our findings reveal how power asymmetries infiltrate and shape frame evolution, starting from individual proposals to eventual collective acceptance. This research extends framing theory in design research by reconceptualising framing as a power-laden, cross-level practice.
•Trace the micro-dynamics of framing in product design process over months.•Theorise the design process through abductive analysis.•Power asymmetries permeate and influence framing practice.•Frame evolution rests on the interplay between individual and collective frames.•Reconceptualise framing as a power-laden, cross-level practice.
•It is beneficial to involve People with Dementia (PwD) in design research.•More studies began to involve PwD in the moderate and severe stages of dementia.•The tools and recommendations can be ...categorized according to the dementia stage.•Researchers should consider the limitations of involving PwD in design research.•Outcomes of this review should be evaluated by multidisciplinary meetings.
Co-designing with people with dementia (PwD) can uncover their needs and preferences, which have been often overlooked. It is difficult for PwD to understand designers and express themselves in a conventional co-design session. This study aims to evaluate the effects of involving PwD in design research on both PwD and the design process; to identify the trends of involving PwD in design research; to extract tools, recommendations, and limitations of involving PwD from reviewed studies to update the recommendations on how to co-design with PwD. A scoping review was carried out within the electronic databases PubMed and Scopus, and eight research questions were proposed, in order to gain specific knowledge on the involvement of PwD in design research. Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria, and 32 sessions were evaluated. Beneficial effects on both PwD and the design process were reported. The number of studies involving PwD in the moderate and severe stages of dementia has increased. Based on the review, an update of the existing tools and recommendations for co-designing with PwD is provided and a list of limitations of involving PwD is presented. The review shows that involving PwD in design research is beneficial for both the PwD and the design process, and there is a shift towards involving people who are in the moderate and severe stages of dementia. The authors propose that multidisciplinary meetings and case studies should be carried out to evaluate and refine the list of tools and recommendations as well as the list of limitations generated in this review.
Surgery is an essential treatment for early-stage breast cancer. However, various side effects of breast cancer surgery, such as arm dysfunction and lymphedema, remain causes for concern. ...Rehabilitation exercises to prevent such side effects should be initiated within 24 hours after surgery. Virtual reality (VR) can assist the process of rehabilitation; however, the feasibility of applying VR for rehabilitation must be explored, in addition to experiences of this application.
This study explored patients' attitudes toward and experiences of using VR for their rehabilitation to determine the feasibility of such VR use and to identify potential barriers.
A phenomenological qualitative study was conducted from September to December 2021. A total of 18 patients with breast cancer who had undergone surgical treatment were interviewed using open-ended questions. The Colaizzi 7-step procedure for phenomenological analysis was used for data analysis. To ensure high study reliability, this study followed previously reported quality criteria for trustworthiness.
Three themes were identified: (1) VR was powerful in facilitating rehabilitation, (2) early and repetitive upper limb movements were an advantage of VR rehabilitation, and (3) extensive VR use had challenges to be overcome. Most of the interviewed patients reported positive experiences of using VR for rehabilitation. Specifically, VR helped these patients identify appropriate motion and angle limits while exercising; in other words, knowledge gained through VR can play a key role in the rehabilitation process. In addition, the patients reported that the use of VR provided them company, similar to when a physiotherapist is present. Finally, the gamified nature of the VR system seemed to make VR-based rehabilitation more engaging than traditional rehabilitation, particularly with respect to early rehabilitation; however, the high cost of VR equipment made VR-based rehabilitation difficult to implement at home.
The interviewed patients with breast cancer had positive experiences in using VR for rehabilitation. The high cost of both VR equipment and software development presents a challenge for applying VR-based rehabilitation.
A meta-analytical review of design studies (N = 43) was conducted examining whether and under what conditions the presence of examples will induce fixation or inspiration. The analysis revealed that ...providing examples made individuals generate more example-related and fewer categories of ideas, however, the ideas produced were more novel. Also, the quality of solutions ideas was positively correlated with the degree of copying from examples. The facilitatory effects on novelty and quality increased when fewer and less common examples were presented. Presenting a single and uncommon example may encourage individuals to shift from traversing between different parts of the problem space to conducting a deeper search in a specific and remote domain, facilitating the generation of high-quality and novel ideas.
•We conducted a meta-analysis of studies examining the effect of examples on design.•Examples led individuals to explore the problem space more narrowly and deeply.•The presence of example reduced the variety of the design solution ideas.•The presence of example improved the novelty and quality of the solution ideas.•Providing one single and uncommon example facilitated the design processes most.
While scholars have studied benefits and drawbacks of prototype development, few have attempted to create a holistic framework to structure prototyping and combine insights from across technical ...domains. An extensive literature review of prototyping research and study of novice designers' mental models of prototyping is used to develop and validate a set of specifications for a holistic and structured prototyping framework. This work then introduces a novel framework to help structure prototyping, Prototype for X (PFX), as an alternative to traditional prototyping approaches in engineering design. Early results highlight the potential impact PFX can have on the design process and on the final design product compared to those achieved through ‘prototyping in the wild’. Future research directions are also discussed.
•Seven specifications of a prototyping framework are identified from the literature.•A benchmark study of novice designers' understanding of prototyping is presented.•A structured and holistic prototyping framework (Prototype for X) is proposed.•The elements of the framework along with initial lenses are presented.•Results indicate the potential impacts for PFX on design and designer outcomes.
Reflections upon the meaning of the word 'design' are made and a relatively complete definition of the paradigm of human centred design is formulated. Aspects of both the background and the current ...practice of the paradigm are presented, as is a basic structural model of the design questions addressed. Examples are provided of the economic benefit of human centred design in business settings as an approach for designing products, systems and services which are physically, perceptually, cognitively and emotionally intuitive. Examples are further provided of the coherence of the paradigm with the logic and structure of several currently popular marketing and banding frameworks. Finally, some strategic implications of adopting human centred design as a business strategy are suggested.
Green thinking of Indonesian architects Andracana, I G N
IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science,
04/2023, Letnik:
1169, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract This study explores the environmental-based design, which is framed into green thinking as the input of the design process. Five Indonesian architects were selected as this study’s subject ...based on their understanding of this design concept. The qualitative strategy is employed with the tactic of in-depth interviews and content analysis with the help of NVivo software to produce themes and patterns regarding this study’s discussion. This study comes with two main findings: the concept’s inclination of Indonesian traditional architecture, which incorporates local materials and conditions employment as these five Indonesian architects’ tendency toward green thinking. The second one is green thinking’s accommodation in the design development stage, also the research and site analysis stage, which are perceived as input of the design process.
The demand for exploring advanced and eco-friendly sustainable packaging materials with superior physical, mechanical and barrier properties is increasing. The materials that are currently used in ...packaging for food, beverage, medical and pharmaceutical products, as well as in industrial applications, are non-degradable, and thus, these materials are raising environmental pollution concerns. Numerous studies have been conducted on the utilization of bio-based materials in the pursuit of developing sustainable packaging materials. Although significant improvements have been achieved, a balance among environmental concerns, economic considerations and product packaging performance is still lacking. This is likely due to bio-based materials being used in product packaging applications without a proper design. The present review article intends to summarize the information regarding the potential applications of cellulosic nanofiber for the packaging. The importance of the design process, its principles and the challenges of design process for sustainable packaging are also summarized in this review. Overall it can be concluded that scientists, designers and engineers all are necessarily required to contribute towards research in order to commercially exploit cellulose nanofiber for sustainable packaging.
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