In Croatian dialectal tradition a system for phonetic transcription with standardised symbols has largely become established. However, in Kajkavian dialectal lexicographic practice, depending on the ...circumstances (purpose of the dictionary, users, printing possibilities etc.), it is not infrequently adapted and changed. The experience of producing Kajkavian dialectal dictionaries has shown that the adopted principles are very hard to carry out consistently in the case of concrete dialects. In the paper, based on examples from published dictionaries, some of the problems that occur in transcription and interpretation of dialectal material are analysed.
The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the Catalan historical lexicography from its origins (late 11th century) to the present. Special attention is paid to the treatment that dialectal ...forms have received in dictionaries, especially from the 15th century onwards. It examines the major reference works, the influences that have received and the presence and impact of the standard language. The study is divided into three parts corresponding to the three time periods of Catalan historical lexicography: the beginnings of Catalan lexicography (12th - 15th centuries); the ‘imitative’ period, which reflected Spanish patterns (15th - 19th centuries); and the development of a period of autonomy (from the 19th century), as a result of the social recovering of the Catalan language.
For more than 130 years, dialectal dictionaries of Chilean Spanish (often called dictionaries of chilenismos, "Chileanisms") have shown several different policies and approaches to tabooed words. In ...this paper, we analyze how the Diccionario de uso del español de Chile (DUECh, 2010) by the Chilean Academy of Language deals with taboo, particularly in six areas of the sexual lexicon (buttocks, masturbation, penis, sexual intercourse, testicles and vagina). Presence and handling of 242 dialectal lexical units in these areas, as well as lexicographic labeling and inclusion, are examined here. As many as 43 entries of tabooed items were identified and contrasted with the authors' views in the prologue, which emphasizes the descriptive character of DUECh and does not make reference to the problems posed by lexical taboo. Similar approaches can be found in other dialectal dictionaries recently published in Chile. Thus, a pattern emerges in the handling of this kind of lexical items imported from scientific dictionaries, although DUECh also has features of its own, most of them in line with its fully contemporary spirit.
Key words: tabooed lexicon, sexual lexicon in Spanish, linguistic taboo, meta-lexicographical analysis, Chilean Spanish, dialectal dictionaries of Spanish, Chileanisms.
A lo largo de su historia de más de 130 años, los diccionarios diferenciales del español de Chile (frecuentemente llamados "diccionarios de chilenismos") han demostrado diversas políticas y actitudes en torno al problema del léxico tabuizado. En el presente trabajo se examina cómo, dentro de esta tradición, el Diccionario de uso del español de Chile (DUECh, 2010), editado por la Academia Chilena de la Lengua, se comporta en cuanto al tratamiento del tabú, específicamente, en 6 áreas temáticas de léxico sexual (trasero, masturbación, pene, tener relaciones sexuales, testículos y vagina). Se analizó la presencia y tratamiento de 242 voces diferenciales relativas a estos ámbitos, anotando su inclusión y su marcación en el diccionario. Así, fueron hallados 43 artículos de voces tabú y se tomó nota de la actitud o predisposición de los autores hacia este tipo de léxico en el Prólogo del mismo. En general, allí se explicita el carácter descriptivo de esta obra, sin hacer hincapié específicamente en el problema del léxico tabuizado. Esto es análogo a la postura expresada en prólogos de otros diccionarios diferenciales de Chile de aparición relativamente reciente. De este modo, se detectó cierta continuidad en las tendencias hacia el tratamiento de este tipo de léxico, propias de diccionarios científicos, al tiempo que emergen diversas peculiaridades, muchas de las cuales son coherentes con el carácter plenamente actual del DUECh.
U radu se na odabranim primjerima iz objavljenih kajkavskih dijalektnih rječnika naznačuju neki problemi koji se pojavljuju pri transkripciji i interpretaciji dijalektne građe koja je u njima ...prezentirana. Razmatraju se moguća rješenja odabira transkripcije u leksikografskom opisu jednoga sustava (jednoga mjesnoga govora) i/ili pojedinoga dijalekta kajkavskoga narječja.
The article analyzes what ethnolinguistic information about rye can be read in the entries of Lithuanian dialect dictionaries. The research data were selected from thirteen dictionaries of Lithuanian ...dialects and the comprehensive Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language). Thus, dialectal dictionaries are an excellent source of lexical semantic research based on the research methodology of the linguistic image of the world. The research presented in the article was inspired by the Słownik stereotypόw i symboli ludowych (SSiSL) (Dictionary of Folk Stereotypes and Symbols) published by the Lublin Ethnolinguistic School.An attempt is being made to find an answer to the question whether rugys (rye) is just a source of food and a basis for biological existence for Lithuanian farmers and rural residents? It is assumed that rye is synonymous with bread as a gift from God to farmers. According to folklore sources, people sacrificed the best stook of rye to God. According to the tradition of the Polish people, rye is a symbol of abundance, wealth, kindness; according to the tradition of the Lithuanians it is a symbol of growth, vitality, fertility and endurance.Analyzing the data of Lithuanian dialect dictionaries and the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language it was established that the lexeme rye is used in various parts of lexicographic articles: 1) as a title word in dictionary entries; 2) in definitions and illustrative sentences; 3) in the illustrations of entries of other words (for example, crops, grain, shoot, winter crops); 4) in terminological compounds (e. g. African rye (Secale africanum), annual cereal (Secale cereale), cereal grass (Secale sylvestre); 5) in paremias; 6) in phraseological compounds.The lexicographic definition of the lexeme rye highlights the following features of the category: a plant, eared (various properties: winter crop, upright, strong, dense, etc.), a symbol of everyday life. The illustrative examples of the words reflect man’s respect for rye as a plant that gives bread.
The article examines the expression of a person living in the area of the Southern South Aukštaitian, describing the appearance and physical characteristics, features of the character and temper, ...social status and relationships based on the material in the two-volume Comprehensive Dictionary of the Southern South Aukštaitian Subdialects (Vol I published in 2016, Vol II in 2019).To begin with, the study includes all sentences that use the word man. It is also based on the examples where it is replaced by pronouns (I, you, he, she etc.), kinship terms (mother, father, brother, sister, grandson, granddaughter, aunt, uncle etc.), nouns that designate individuals by the gender (boy, girl, woman, woman, man etc.) and other. All the sentences in the dictionary that speak of man are analysed.The lexicographic data show that a person (man, woman, child) is an individual living in the Southern South Aukštaitian area. He/she is a kind-hearted, sincere, open, tolerant, cheerful and witty, hardworking and creative representative of the people and dialect; also energetic and persevering, though not always physically strong and capable.The analysis carried out reveals the genesis of the concept of man, and shows the attitude of several generations to man. The illustrative sentences highlight the stereotypical image of a person living in the Southern South Aukštaitian area (cheerful, generous, and hardworking, believes in God and is superstitious, values the family etc.) and show the new emerging traits (laziness, drinking, stealing, disobeying, immoral and dishonest etc.). The analysis of the dialectical discourse reveals the difference between the archaic and contemporary approaches; the ongoing changes in material and spiritual life are revealed.The material in the dictionary reveals the wonderful harmony of man and nature, which has been formed over several centuries, with the community living in a relatively isolated, closed environment. The worldview of man living in the area of the Southern South Aukštaitian area is interwoven with the old mythological world, the mysteries of the Catholic faith, and the realities of the present. Although the world is changing, old values and customs are disappearing and villages are abandoned, people are optimistic about the world. Work, family, faith in God and man are their greatest values.
The aim of the article is describing and analysing phrasematics from Słownik warmiński There are over two hundreds phrasemes and most of them are placed in quotes or in the author’s commentsThe ...Author described the collected material using Lewicki’s phraseological division into types, including proverbs (e g Skumpi dubel traci) and showed sample phrasemes belonging to the thematic fields such as poverty and health, stupidity and wisdom, features of character, drinking alcohol, and violence The last part of the article concerns the phenomenon of variance in dialects and it shows that a dialect can express the same thing in many different ways (eg dressing up yourself or someone else excessively).
The article analyses the image of man in the written sources of the Western Aukštaitian subdialects of Kaunas region. The object of research is the lexeme man. The methodology of the Lublin ...Ethnolinguistic School and Jerzy Bartmiński was followed in the article; the works of Polish, Russian and Lithuanian ethnolinguists were also drawn on. The work is based on two types of data: systematic (dictionaries of subdialects) and textual (texts in subdialects). The material of the Western Aukštaitian subdialects of Kaunas region reveals the perception of the world by villagers and their worldview of the language. The definitions of lexicographic sources highlight three main aspects of man: physical – adult, no gender distinction; mental – intelligent, pleasant, kind, honest, serious; social – daily life related to work, relationships with other people, various communities.The study is not limited to the definitions of lexemes, but also takes into account all the data in the lexicographic entry of the word: collocations and quotations illustrating the use of the title word.The data of the lexicographic and subdialect corpus allow reconstructing the lexical semantic field of man, reflect the structure of man’s concept in discourse on subdialects, and present those features of the meaning that the representatives of the subdialect have in mind when using the word man in a specific context.According to the data in Lithuanian subdialect texts and lexicographical, man is a being capable of thinking and speaking, physically fit and healthy, honest, an obedient subordinate, working, communicating, dependent on others, his own nation or religion.
The article tackles current problems of onomastic data presentation and correct delivering of its typological and semantic features in a modern dialectal dictionary. This particularly refers to a ...comprehensive electronic dialectal dictionary which covers a whole set of lexicographic fields of an article’s microstructure, including paradigmatic, syntagmatic, and additional ethnocultural information. The case is observed with the currently developed electronic Dictionary of the Russian Sub-dialect of Loyma Village of the Priluzsky District of the Komi Republic that builds on a machine-based version of the original dictionary. The authors proceed from describing the composition and the main categories of the onomastic vocabulary of the target (Loyma) sub-dialect: major groups of personal names (individual and social), toponyms (including names of cities, water bodies, and various microtoponyms), as well as some peripheral categories of proper names (names of peoples, local residents, etc.). It is noted that the onomastic vocabulary of the Loyma dialect shows a number of peculiar traits, such as extensive variability and synonymy, high incidence of emotional, evaluative, expressive, and stylistic features which reflect the specificity of the sub-dialect’s stylistic system distinctive from that of the standard Russian language. It is concluded that dealing with “living” Russian dialects, the task of creating computer-based versions of hard-copy dictionaries relates not only to the preservation of existing dialectal material but also to the addition and restructuring of these dictionaries to create multi-purpose lexicographic products, tapping cultural potential of the entire dialect, both the onomastic and the lexical.
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