The study tested phonological awareness in a cross-sectional sample of 200 Arabic-speaking 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th graders from low and mid-high Socio-Economic Status (SES). Participants were ...native speakers of a local dialect of Palestinian Arabic spoken in the north of Israel. Twelve phonological awareness tasks were administered: six of them included stimuli that have an identical form in Standard Arabic and in the spoken dialect (hereafter, SpA words; e.g., /
sɑʒɑd/
‘knelt’) and six used StA words with a unique form different from the one used in the dialect (hereafter, StA words; e.g., /
ʔɑχɑð
/ ‘took’). Three tasks (blending, segmentation, deletion) were developed for each set of words to test syllable awareness and three additional ones to test phoneme awareness. Repeated measure ANOVAs showed a cross-sectional growth in syllable and phoneme awareness across grades, as well as significant differences between children from low versus mid-high SES. The results also showed a consistent effect of phonological distance on phonological awareness across all tasks and in both groups with awareness of SpA words higher than StA words. At the same time, the impact of phonological distance was more prominent in children from low SES as against mid-high SES, in phoneme awareness as against syllable awareness, and in segmentation and deletion tasks as against blending tasks. The results underscore the roles of item-based properties of phonological distance and phonological-unit size, as well as the role of participant-based characteristics of SES in phonological awareness in Arabic diglossia.
Dialect and Putonghua in Xi’an city Li, Qiong; Wang, Yuying
Journal of Asian Pacific communication,
06/2020, Letnik:
30, Številka:
1-2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Abstract
As one of the industrial centers of Western China, Xi’an is undergoing a process in which surrounding “urban villages” are incorporated into the urban area. This paper reports on the
contact ...situation between the Xi’an dialect of Beishan Menkou “urban village” and Mandarin Chinese. Data collection started with
traditional dialect survey methodology which assumes the dialect to be homogeneous and shared across village members. It requires
respondents to read a standard list of Chinese characters. The assumption that the dialect is homogeneous is generally agreed upon
for older generations but is doubtful for the younger generation who are exposed to modern education and modern
life. We therefore stratified the survey across three generations with six informants, a male and female informants for each
generation. The results show that the dialect among the two older generations was still homogeneous and shared, whereas the
youngest generations showed influence of Putonghua on the dialect. This resulted in a new dialect variant “Dialect with Putonghua
features”, which is recognized by urban village members as such. Female respondents generally were conceived of as speaking the
New Dialect more clearly than their male counterparts. We also investigated the impact of the dialect on Putonghua and concluded
that among the younger generation, a form of “Local Putonghua” developed, whereas the accented forms used by older generations are
a variety of intermediate forms of this “Local Putonghua”. The paper further provides details of the changes taking place in the
New Dialect in terms of tones, initials and finals, vocabulary and grammar. Words in local Putonghua were also listed.
The first comprehensive and linguistically updated grammar of Piedmontese, a threatened language of northwest Italy. This thorough description covers the phonology, morphology, syntax, pragmatics and ...typology of koine Piedmontese.
In this paper, an automatic dialect identification (ADI) system is proposed by extracting spectral and prosodic features for Kannada language. A new dialect dataset is collected from native speakers ...of Kannada language (A Dravidian language). This dataset includes five distinct dialects of Kannada language representing five geographical regions of Karnataka state. Investigation of the significance of spectral and prosodic variations on five Kannada dialects is carried out. Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs), spectral flux, and entropy are used as representatives of spectral features. Besides, pitch and energy features are extracted as representatives of prosodic parameters for identification of dialects. These raw feature vectors are further processed to get a new derived feature vectors by using statistical processing. In this paper, a single classifier based multi-class support vector machine (SVM) and multiple classifier based ensemble SVM (ESVM) techniques are employed for classification of dialects. The effectiveness and performance evaluation of the explored features are carried out on newly collected Kannada speech corpus, with five Kannada dialects and internationally known standard Intonation Variation in English (IViE) dataset with nine British English dialects. Experimental results have demonstrated that the derived feature vectors performs better when compared to raw feature vectors. However, ESVM technique has demonstrated better performance over a single SVM. Spectral and prosodic features have resulted individually with the dialect recognition performance of 83.12% and 44.52% respectively. Further, the complementary nature of both spectral and prosodic features is evaluated by combining both feature vectors for dialect recognition. However, an increase in dialect recognition performance of about 86.25% is observed. This indicates the existence of complementary dialect specific evidence with spectral and prosodic features. The experiments conducted on standard IViE corpus have shown a higher recognition rate of 91.38% using ESVM. Proposed ADI systems with derived features have shown better performance over the state-of-the-art i-vector feature based systems on both datasets.
What is involved in acquiring a new dialect - for example, when Canadian English speakers move to Australia or African American English-speaking children go to school? How is such learning different ...from second language acquisition (SLA), and why is it in some ways more difficult? These are some of the questions Jeff Siegel examines in this book, which focuses specifically on second dialect acquisition (SDA). Siegel surveys a wide range of studies that throw light on SDA. These concern dialects of English as well as those of other languages, including Dutch, German, Greek, Norwegian, Portuguese and Spanish. He also describes the individual and linguistic factors that affect SDA, such as age, social identity and language complexity. The book discusses problems faced by students who have to acquire the standard dialect without any special teaching, and presents some educational approaches that have been successful in promoting SDA in the classroom.
V prispevku je predstavljen govor dela kraja Ravna Gora (tj. večji zahodni del ‒ zaselki Stari Varoš, Jarak, Bajt in Vrh), ki leži na jugu Gorskega kotarja na Hrvaškem. Govor se je do sedaj ...interpretiral različno, in sicer kot 1) (priseljenski) govor rovtarske narečne skupine slovenskega jezika, 2) (goranski) govor kajkavske narečne skupine hrvaškega jezika, 3) govor kostelskega narečja dolenjske narečne skupine slovenskega jezika. Podano je na novo zbrano narečno gradivo zahodnega dela Ravne Gore, na osnovi česar so povzemalno predstavljene njegove glavne jezikovne (vokalne, konzonantne in prozodijske) značilnosti. Zaradi zgodnje podaljšave nekdaj skrajšanih akutiranih zložnikov v nezadnjem besednem zlogu je odraz za */*- enak, in sicer ẹː. Odrazi ejevskih in ojevskih glasov so sovpadli: issln. *ē/*è- = */*- > ẹː in issln. *ō = *ò- = *ǭ/*- > ọː oz. redkeje ȯː. Odraza za issln. *ī /*ì- in *ū/*ù- sta i in u oz. iː in uː po sekundarni podaljšavi. Odraz stalno dolgega polglasnika in novoakutiranega polglasnika v nezadnjem besednem zlogu je sovpadel z odrazom za issln. *a, tj. issln. */*- = *ā/*à- > åː. Odraz za issln. */*- je ọː. Odraza umično naglašenih e in o sta e oz. eː in a oz. aː. Za diftonški odklon pri odrazu za issln. */*-, ki je izpričan v redkih primerih, se v prispevku dopušča interpretacijo, da gre za arhaizem. Govor pozna več oblik moderne vokalne redukcije ‒ popolno prednaglasno akanje, različen razvoj izglasnih *-ǫ (> -a) in *-o (> -ȯ/-u). Govor je izvršil umik na prednaglasno kračino in nadkračino ter (delno) terciarni premik starega cirkumfleksa. Na osnovi glavnih vokalnih, konzonantnih razvojev in izvedenih mlajših naglasnih umikov ter ob pritegnitvi dodatnih definicijskih kriterijev (krajšanje visokih vokalov i in u, odraz za issln. */*-, odraz za issln. */*- in premet pred ustničniki in nebniki, prednaglasno akanje, razvoj izglasnega *-o, odraza za issln. *ĺ in *ń ter razvoj izglasnega issln. *-g) se govor zahodnega dela Ravne Gore sinhrono umešča v rovtarsko narečno skupino slovenskega jezika. Govor je prikazan na Karti slovenskih narečij (različica 2023).
This chapter discusses the material presented in this book organized around the various themes announced in the Introduction, and it addresses questions and comments pertinent to the issues related ...to these themes. The first theme to be addressed is the question of the similarity between the subsystems of functional categories between the three creoles. The second theme relates to the processes at work in the formation of the functional categories of these three creoles. Relabeling, grammaticalization and leveling will be discussed in turn. A discussion of phenomena, such as restructuring and extension, resulting from some process(es) follows. Finally, a discussion on multifunctionality in creoles and the issue of polysemy versus monosemy ends the chapter.
