In the globalized economic relations Economic diplomacy has experienced a complete affirmation, and that necessarily imposes the need for finding an adequate institutional model on the macro and ...micro level. Institutional models of economic diplomacy vary from country to country, depending on the extent to cooperate between state and non-state actors. In the case study, we have analyzed the forms of co-operation between these actors in the field of human resources management.The Austrian Human Resource Management Model in Economic Diplomacy can be the basis for creating adequate national models, taking into account the specificity of each country.
The purpose of the article is to analyze the previous widely used approaches to the analysis of the phenomenon of economic diplomacy and to search for new approaches to its consideration in view of ...the new projection of the process of activation at the global level. Globalization and economic achievements of many countries in the field of international relations lead to the development of various models of diplomacy for an adequate response to challenges and threats. The subject of the study is the phenomenon of economic diplomacy in the context of a new projection of activation. Among these prerequisites were identified: international relations and international dialogue expand the range of functions of diplomacy in order to protect the interests of countries in the international arena; strengthen the format of consolidation of countries based on security systems; change the structure of negotiations, ensure the functioning of institutions and networks of cooperation. Methodology. The set of studies was based on the analysis of previous widely used approaches to the consideration of economic diplomacy. A new consideration is applied, where the new structure is considered through modern projections of activation associated with new internal features. It is in this context that economic diplomacy has the nature of an international phenomenon, which is associated with its new projections of activation, where the signs of status, integration, adaptability and mobility can radically change the perception of its potential and scope. Results. It is noted that the interpretation of the concept of "economic diplomacy" takes into account the interaction of different actors: state and non-state. Approaches to a deep understanding of the concept of "economic diplomacy" are presented in articles and studies of many modern scholars. However, the discourse of "economic diplomacy" is multidimensional and therefore needs to be developed on the basis of other scientific approaches, not only within the "systemic approach". When defining the essence of diplomacy, the following approaches should be taken into account: 1) activity; 2) communicative; 3) presentation; 4) image; 5) management; 6) environmental. Practical implications. In general, it is summarized that the availability of the above-mentioned approaches is due to the processes of modernization of the diplomatic systems of countries to form a qualitatively new line of international relations, positioning of the national economy and use of resources to ensure its full status in the geopolitical space. In modern trends of activation, it is globalization, digitalization and democratization that expand the professional boundaries of diplomacy, increase the number of alternative and independent diplomatic actors. It is summarized that the impact of the environmental factor on the competitive advantages of countries stimulates them to develop new forms of cooperation, including diplomatic. Value/originality. It was emphasized that in the current conditions economic diplomacy remains in line with the foreign policy of different countries, and, no doubt, the foreign policy of Ukraine as well. Ukraine's economic integration with the EU is deepening not only by strengthening trade and economic opportunities of the Association Agreement, but also by intensifying all spheres and levels of international relations and active diplomatic cooperation.
The aim of this article is a political-geographical analysis of political and economic relations between the Slovak Republic and the countries of the world from 1993 to 2019. We spatially analyze ...more than 15,000 trips of Slovak government officials to countries around the world and their relation to foreign trade. Using the statistical method of correlation, we examine the degree of relationship between trade indicators and political interactions (represented by government visits) in more than 150 countries around the world. We cartographically define spatial concentration, especially the high direct correlation between trade and trips, and examine the factors and causes of this correlation on the example of selected countries with significant values. The countries of the Eastern Partnership, the Middle East, the Western Balkans, and East Asia have the highest correlation coefficients. Our article seeks to contribute to the discussion on the effectiveness of economic diplomacy using geographical approaches.
Sceptics query China's economic and political ability to realize its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Less attention has been paid to BRI's implications for one of the defining features of China's ...foreign policy: low engagement in areas beyond its traditional sphere of influence. The Middle East is such a case. Addressing this issue, the article explores the mutual impact of China's low political involvement in the Middle East and BRI's realization. Distinguishing cross-border connectivity projects from other BRI-associated activities, the article examines the challenges to executing BRI-related projects in Israel. It finds that realizing connectivity projects – the essence of the BRI vision – will require China to increase its regional engagement, a shift that it has so far avoided. 有批评人士质疑中国实现 “一带一路” 倡议的经济与政治实力。然而，鲜有人关注 “一带一路” 倡议对下述中国外交特征的影响，即中国外交对于其传统影响力之外的地区介入甚少。中东地区即属此例。针对这一现象，本文将着力探讨中国对中东事务的有限参与和实现 “一带一路” 倡议之间的相互影响。作者在区分跨境 “互联互通” 项目和其他 “一带一路” 相关项目基础上，分析在以色列推进 “一带一路” 有关项目将会面临的挑战。作者认为，要想实现作为 “一带一路” 愿景核心的 “互联互通” 工程，未来中国需要更多地参与中东事务。不过，迄今为止中国仍在避免调整其传统中东外交政策。
European countries have traditionally been Russia’s key economic partners. Mutual interest is based on geographical proximity, historical ties and also by the complementarity markets. Mutual ...sanctions spread over recent years has called into question Russia – European Union partnership and cooperation established by Agreement in 1994. This article reviews the current status of Russia – EU and its member states relations. Also the article contains analysis of mutual trade, economic and investment cooperation, economic and diplomatic ties of partners during periods of mutual rapprochement (before 2014th) and the subsequent cooling of relations. Conclusions on current Russia – EU and its member states relations. Also the article contains analysis of mutual trade, econ Europe relationship made in this article are based on a comprehensive analysis of official statistics of bilateral trade and investment cooperation between Russia and foreign countries. Current data shows the importance of the European direction for our country. This article also discusses possible ways to improve the efficiency of interaction between partners at the present stage.
This article examines the background and ambitions of the large-scale Swedish-South Africa Partnership Week that was rolled out across South Africa in November 1999. The Swedish delegation was ...spearheaded by Prime Minister Göran Persson and consisted of 800 Swedes; high-level ministers, diplomats, civil society representatives and business leaders. The analysis places particular emphasis on the involvement of Swedish multinationals and the central role played by the public relations agency Rikta Kommunikation. Its focus lies on the broader pedagogical function that the Week was intended to have, primarily from a Swedish point of view. I argue that the stated aim to forge an economic partnership between Sweden and South Africa as the logical extension of decades of historical political solidarity was a means of ensuring that citizens learned to understand the pressures and demands of the new era of globalisation. The foreseeable end of Swedish aid to South Africa was to be the dawn of self-sustaining economic relations; “business interests” – for so long derided by the anti-apartheid activists – were henceforth to lead the way. In light of this, I conclude by arguing that the official launch and marketing of a bilateral partnership in 1999 can be seen as part of a government-funded effort to adapt Swedish internationalism to a new era.
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