Economic theories of uncertainty are unpopular with financial experts. As sociologists, we rightly refuse predictions, but the uncertainties of money are constantly sifted and turned into semi‐denial ...by a financial economics set on somehow beating the future. Picking out ‘bits’ of the future as ‘risk’ and ‘parts’ as ‘information’ is attractive but socially dangerous, I argue, because money's promises are always uncertain. New studies of uncertainty are reversing sociology's neglect of the unavoidable inability to know the forces that will shape the financial future.
Modernity promised control over nature through science, material abundance through technology and effective government through rational, social organization. Instead of leading to this promised land ...it has brought us to the brink of environmental and cultural disaster. Why has there been this gap between modernity's aspirations and its achievements? Development Betrayed offers a powerful answer to this question. Development with its unshakeable commitment to the idea of progress, is rooted in modernism and has been betrayed by each of its major tenets. Attempts to control nature have led to the brink of environmental catastrophe. Western technologies have proved inappropriate for the needs of the South, and governments are unable to respond effectively to the crises that have resulted. Offering a thorough and lively critiques of the ideas behind development, Richard Norgaard also offers an alternative co-evolutionary paradigm, in which development is portrayed as a co-evolution between cultural and ecological systems. Rather than a future with all peoples merging to one best way of knowing and doing things, he envisions a future of a patchwork quilt of cultures with real possibilities for harmony.
Human-induced climate change has become a prominent political issue, at both national and international levels, leading to the search for regulatory 'solutions'. Emissions trading has risen in ...popularity to become the most broadly favoured government strategy. Carbon permits have then quickly been developed as a serious financial instrument in markets turning over billions of dollars a year. In this article, I show how the reality of permit market operation is far removed from the assumptions of economic theory and the promise of saving resources by efficiently allocating emission reductions. The pervasiveness of Greenhouse Gas emissions, strong uncertainty and complexity combine to prevent economists from substantiating their theoretical claims of cost-effectiveness. Corporate power is shown to be a major force affecting emissions market operation and design. The potential for manipulation to achieve financial gain, while showing little regard for environmental or social consequences, is evident as markets have extended internationally and via trading offsets. At the individual level, there is the potential for emissions trading to have undesirable ethical and psychological impacts and to crowd out voluntary actions. I conclude that the focus on such markets is creating a distraction from the need for changing human behaviour, institutions and infrastructure.
Glückler J. Knowledge, networks and space: connectivity and the problem of non-interactive learning, Regional Studies. This paper develops an integrative perspective of network theory and economic ...geography to attain a more inclusive understanding of the creation and reproduction of knowledge. A sympathetic review of network research in the social sciences conveys that geography is often a marginalized factor and that the empirical evidence about its effect on networks and knowledge has been ambiguous. The paper criticizes network theory for its tendency to overlook processes of collective learning that happen outside networks. By conceptualizing non-interactive learning, it posits that an inclusive theory of knowledge has to integrate network accounts of interactions and geographical accounts of non-interactive learning.
Glückler J. 知识、网络与空间：连结性与非互动式学习的问题，区域研究。本文致力于发展网络理论与经济地理的整合性视角，以对知识的生产及创造做出更具包容性的理解。对于社会科学中网络研究的同情性回顾，传达了地理经常是被边缘化的因素，而地理对网络及知识所产生的影响之经验证据亦相当模煳。本文批判网络理论，因其有着忽略网络之外集体学习过程的倾向。透过概念化非互动式学习，本文假定知识的包容性理论必须整合对于互动的网络解释以及非互动式学习的地理解释。
网络理论emsp;知识emsp;创新emsp;非互动式学习emsp;社会网络分析emsp;
Glückler J. Les connaissances, les réseaux et l'espace: la connectivité et le problème de l'apprentissage non interactif, Regional Studies. Cet article cherche à développer un point de vue intégré de la théorie des réseaux et de la géographie économique afin d'arriver à comprendre la production et la reproduction des connaissances. Un compte rendu favorable de la recherche en réseau dans les sciences sociales démontre que souvent la géographie est un facteur marginalisé et que les preuves empiriques de son impact sur les réseaux et les connaissances s'avèrent ambigues. Cet article critique la théorie des réseaux pour sa tendance à perdre de vue les processus d'apprentissage collectif qui ont lieu au-delà des réseaux. En conceptualisant l'apprentissage non interactif, on pose comme postulat qu'une théorie inclusive de l'apprentissage doit intégrer des comptes de réseaux des interactions et des comptes géographiques de l'apprentissage non interactif.
Théorie des réseauxemsp;Connaissancesemsp;Innovationemsp;Apprentissage non interactifemsp;Analyse des réseaux sociaux
Glückler J. Wissen, Netzwerke und Raum: Konnektivität und das Problem des nicht-interaktiven Lernens, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag wird eine integrative Perspektive der Netzwerktheorie und Wirtschaftsgeografie entwickelt, um ein umfassenderes Verständnis der Erzeugung und Reproduktion von Wissen aufzubauen. Aus einer wohlwollenden Würdigung der Netzwerkforschung in den Sozialwissenschaften geht hervor, dass es sich bei der Geografie oft um einen marginalisierten Faktor handelt und dass die empirischen Belege über ihre Auswirkung auf Netzwerke und Wissen bisher mehrdeutig ausgefallen sind. In diesem Beitrag wird die Netzwerktheorie wegen ihrer Tendenz kritisiert, außerhalb von Netzwerken ablaufende Prozesse des kollektiven Lernens zu übersehen. Durch eine Konzeptualisierung des nicht-interaktiven Lernens wird die These aufgestellt, dass eine integrative Theorie des Wissens die netzwerkbezogene Darstellung von Wechselwirkungen mit der geografischen Darstellung von nicht-interaktivem Lernen kombinieren muss.
Netzwerktheorieemsp;Wissenemsp;Innovationemsp;Nicht-interaktives Lernenemsp;Soziale Netzwerkanalyse
Glückler J. Conocimiento, redes y espacio: conectividad y el problema del aprendizaje no interactivo, Regional Studies. En este artículo se desarrolla una perspectiva integradora de la teoría de redes y la geografía económica para llegar a entender de forma cabal la creación y reproducción del conocimiento. A partir de una revisión favorable de los estudios de las redes en las ciencias sociales se deduce que la geografía es muchas veces un factor marginado y que la evidencia empírica sobre su efecto en las redes y el conocimiento ha sido ambigua. En este artículo se critica la teoría de las redes por su tendencia a ignorar los procesos del aprendizaje colectivo que ocurren fuera de las redes. Al conceptualizar el aprendizaje no interactivo, se propone que una teoría integradora del conocimiento tiene que combinar la presentación de las interacciones en las redes con la presentación geográfica del aprendizaje no interactivo.
Teoría de redesemsp;Conocimientoemsp;Innovaciónemsp;Aprendizaje no interactivoemsp;Análisis de redes sociales
Interdependence in Comparative Politics Franzese, Robert J.; Hays, Jude C.
Comparative political studies,
04/2008, Letnik:
41, Številka:
4-5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Interdependence is ubiquitous and often central across comparative politics. Indeed, as the authors show first, theoretically, any situation involving externalities from one unit's actions on others' ...implies interdependence. Positive or negative externalities induce negative or positive interdependence, which spurs competitive races or free riding, with corresponding early or late-mover advantages, and thus strategic rush to act or delay and inaction. The authors show next how to model interdependent processes empirically, how not doing so risks omitted-variable biases favoring domestic and exogenous-external accounts over interdependence, but how doing so naïvely risks simultaneity biases with the opposite substantive implications. They then discuss how to estimate properly specified interdependence models and, finally, how to interpret and present estimated spatio-temporally dynamic effects, response paths, and long-run steady-states, with associated standard errors. They illustrate by replicating a noteworthy earlier, nonspatial study of capital tax competition. Web appendices contain further technical details, literature survey, data, statistical software code, and spreadsheet templates for all suggested procedures.
We model intergroup conflict driven by economic changes within groups. We show that if group incomes are low, increasing group incomes raises violence against that group and lowers violence generated ...by it. We then apply the model to data on Hindu-Muslim violence in India. Our main result is that an increase in per capita Muslim expenditures generates a large and significant increase in future religious conflict. An increase in Hindu expenditures has a negative or no effect. These findings speak to the origins of Hindu-Muslim violence in post-Independence India. Adapted from the source document.
Financial economics and mathematical finance are the two traditional scientific disciplines that constitute modern financial theory. Although they still largely dominate modern financial theory, in ...the past few years a new “player” has increasingly been making itself felt and could lead to a rethinking of some of the theoretical foundations of modern financial theory. This new player is econophysics. Econophysics is a very recent movement that is beginning to interest increasing numbers of financial practitioners. To date, no history of econophysics has been produced. This article aims at filling this gap. It analyzes the theoretical foundations of econophysics and their connections with the history of financial economics. It also explores the reasons underlying the emergence of econophysics and explains how econophysics has become the third component of modern financial theory.
Poor children across the world live in communities spanning the rural to urban continuum. The United States has witnessed a transformation in the spatial location of poverty, with poor families ...dispersed increasingly across suburban communities and small towns as well as in inner cities and remote rural areas. Therefore, we must consider the broader macrosystem—what we call urbanicity—in which poverty is experienced. In this article, we draw from psychological and economic theories to present a conceptual model in which the experiences and repercussions of poverty may differ based on the macrosystem in which poverty occurs, that is, whether it happens in an urban, suburban, or rural community. We first describe characteristics of urban, suburban, and rural communities and propose potential repercussions of living in each of these places for economically disadvantaged children's development. We then summarize results from research on urbanicity differences in associations between income and children's academic skills. We end with suggestions for research.
The Moroccan economy: analysis in the light of the economic development theories. The sustained growth of the Moroccan economy, registered during the last decade can leave hope for economic growth ...for the country and the beginning of improvement of living standards of its population classified as very poor development indicators. We have tried in this article to compare the development of the Moroccan economy since independence until 2014, with the pioneering development of theories, namely the theory of vicious circles of poverty Nurkse, the theory of dual economy of Lewis, the theory of economic retard of Rostow and the structuralist theory developed by Prebisch. This exercise revealed that the Moroccan economy, both complies with some features of these theories, but it stands out on other aspects. This finding corroborates the complexity of underdevelopment.
Alcohol outlets tend to be located in lower income areas, exposing lower income populations to excess risks associated with alcohol sales through these establishments. The objective of this study was ...to test two hypotheses about the etiology of these differential exposures based on theories of the economic geography of retail markets: (a) outlets will locate within or near areas of high alcohol demand, and (b) outlets will be excluded from areas with high land and structure rents.
Data from the 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey were used to develop a surrogate for alcohol demand (i.e., market potential) at two census geographies for the city of Melbourne, Australia. Bayesian conditional autoregressive Poisson models estimated multilevel spatial relationships between counts of bars, restaurants, and off-premise outlets and market potential, income, and zoning ordinances (Level 1: n = 8,914).
Market potentials were greatest in areas with larger older age, male, English-speaking, high-income populations. Independent of zoning characteristics, greater numbers of outlets appeared in areas with greater market potentials and the immediately surrounding areas. Greater income excluded outlets in local and surrounding areas.
These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that alcohol outlets are located in areas with high demand and are excluded from high-income areas. These processes appear to take place at relatively small geographic scales, encourage the concentration of outlets in specific low-income areas, and represent a very general economic process likely to take place in communities throughout the world.
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