Tehnološka je promjena jedna od najvažnijih sila koje oblikuju moderno društvo. Koje perspektive postoje za razumijevanje tehnoloških promjena, prije svega iz kuta političke ekonomije? U prvom se ...dijelu rada daje osnovni pregled debata koje su oblikovale to znanstveno područje, počevši s klasičnom britanskom političkom ekonomijom devetnaestog stoljeća. Liberalni politički ekonomisti tog razdoblja i njihovi kritičari vidjeli su u pitanju strojeva prvorazredan izazov tadašnjem britanskom društvu, prije svega kada je riječ o problemu tehnološke nezaposlenosti. U drugom dijelu rad se okreće neoklasičnoj ekonomiji i njenim konceptualnim alatima za razumijevanje tehnologije. Usto se bavi i kritikama neoklasičnog pristupa, od kojih je najrelevantnija Schumpeterova. U trećem se dijelu daje pregled suvremene literature o učinku digitalnih tehnologija. Posebno mjesto zauzima teza o tehnološkoj promjeni koja različito utječe na različite segmente tržišta rada, nagrađujući one koji imaju vještine komplementarne digitalnoj tehnologiji, a kažnjavajući one koji takve vještine nemaju.
Technological change is one of the most important forces shaping modern society. Which perspectives can help us understand technological change, especially from a political economy lens? The first part of this article provides a basic overview of debates that shaped this scientific field, starting with nineteenth century British political economy. Liberal political economists as well as their critics of the time both saw the machinery question as a paramount challenge to British society, especially with regard to the problem of technological unemployment. The second part of the article turns to neoclassical economics and the conceptual tools that it uses to understand technology. Critiques of the neoclassical approach are also included, of which Schumpeter’s critique is the most important. The third part of the article turns to the contemporary literature on “skill-biased technological change” which rewards those that have the skills that complement digital technology and punishes those that do not.
TERMINOLOGIJA I KONCEPT GIG EKONOMIJE Huđek, Ivona; Širec, Karin
Ekonomski pregled,
02/2023, Letnik:
74, Številka:
1
Magazine Article, Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Novi poslovni modeli pojavili su se krajem 20. stoljeća razvojem internetske tehnologije (IT) i digitalne transformacije. Jedan od njih – poznat pod nazivom gig ekonomija – predstavlja novi poslovni ...koncept koji se odnosi na tržišni sustav u kojem pojedinci nude svoje usluge na određeno vrijeme drugim tvrtkama putem digitalnih platforma. Svrha je ovog rada istražiti relativno novo područje gig ekonomije i njezin kontekst na temelju prethodnih istraživanja i literature. Prema tome koncept gig ekonomije temelji se na trokutastom odnosu između pojedinca (radnika; davatelja usluga), digitalnog posrednika procesa (mrežne platforme rada) i krajnjeg korisnika usluge (poslodavca). Takav koncept podrazumijeva različite koristi za sve uključene strane, ali donosi i brojne izazove. Cilj je rada pružiti opisni uvid u literaturu i istraživanja te uvesti, odnosno predstaviti terminologiju koja se odnosi na koncept gig ekonomije. Također je cilj raspraviti o prirodi rada unutar gig ekonomije, njezinim trenutnim značajkama, stvaranju vrijednosti za tvrtke i poduzetništvo te pitanjima koja treba riješiti vezano za radnu snagu gig ekonomije i budućim implikacijama na politiku. Ograničenja rada su nedostatak sporazuma o standardnim definicijama i nacionalnim i međunarodnim okvirima radne snage iako studije sugeriraju da je radna snaga gig ekonomije među najbrže rastućim silama u suvremenim radnim odnosima. Stoga rad potiče razvoj politika i programa za identificiranje specifičnosti, koristi i izazova gig ekonomije te njezinog utjecaja na društvo kako bi se olakšala i promovirala nova, rastuća poduzetnička kategorija.
Jeffrey D. Sachs turns to world history to shed light on how we can meet the challenges and opportunities of the twenty-first century. He takes readers through a series of seven distinct waves of ...technological and institutional change, starting with early modern humans and ending with reflections on today's globalization.
This paper provides an analysis of the practical implications of the concept of solidarity economy and the elements of public policies that affect the solidarity economy in Croatia. In a broader ...sense, solidarity is a common component of economic behaviour. In a narrower sense, solidarity refers to a set of economic practices that meet the criteria of balancing economic, social and environmental sustainability, joint ownership and participatory governance. Solidarity economy supports the construction and maintenance of common economic goods, which may occur within legal entities, as well as in contractual relations or informal cooperation. Solidarity economy is close to the concept of social economy, and significantly different from collaborative (sharing) economy. Public policies that encourage solidarity-based economic practices have their origins in the welfare state regime and the level of solidarity in society, which is followed by ideologies, strategies and activities of political and economic actors. The social contributions of the solidarity economy and the risks to which it is exposed justify state intervention in this area, which can be reflected in regulation and institutional, financial and tax support to its actors and processes. Public policies in Croatia generally do not recognise the importance of the social and solidarity economy and its actors, such as cooperatives and social enterprises. Although the recognition of possible contributions of the social and solidarity economy to society and the economy in Croatia is growing, the incentive framework is incomplete and insufficient, which is reflected in the results and future prospects of this sector. Key words: solidarity, solidarity economy, public policy, cooperatives, social enterprises.
In his intriguingly titled book – Why Photography Matters as Art as Never Before, Michael Fried raises important questions about the role of photography and its relationship with the viewer. The ...philosophy and its “problems,” theatricality, literariness, the position of the object (i.e. the objectivity of photography) as well as that of the subject, were already discussed during the late 1960s, when the medium was often placed on the border between art and technical skills, especially in the local context. Conscious of the weight of the statement given by Roland Barthes in Camera Lucida that “photographs … are looked at when one is alone,” this thematic issue is aimed at expanding the boundaries within which photography is thought and discussed, examining the circumstances that determined the limits of representation as well as criticism of representation, its “ghettoization” as well as numerous conflicts that it brought about (and not only depicted). A beam of light is not reflected off the subject in only one direction; the ray returns to the photograph, symbolizing the relationship analyzed in numerous relevant studies. These studies will continue to harbor doubts about the status of photography as art, and not just a mechanical reflection of reality, which is too complex a topic for one editorial.
Razvoj digitalnih valuta središnjih banaka postavio je pitanje poslovnog modela koji će se koristiti za njihovu primjenu u financijskom sustavu. Nameću se tri poslovna modela koja se razmatraju te se ...traži upravo onaj koji će se najbolje uklopiti u financijski sustav i omogućiti optimalno upravljanje monetarnom ekonomijom. Uloga financijskih institucija i poslovnih banaka varira ovisno o poslovnom modelu. Svaki model, direktni, indirektni ili hibridni, ima svoje specifičnosti. Središnje banke provodile su istraživanja i analize navedenih modela kako bi pronašle upravo onaj koji će ostvariti maksimalan potencijal. Provedene analize pokazuju kako središnje banke naginju hibridnom modelu, koji objedinjuje prednosti direktnog i indirektnog modela. Kroz hibridni model ne narušava se financijska stabilnost, financijske institucije imaju svoju ulogu, dok je upravljanje monetarnom politikom učinkovitije u odnosu na preostale modele.
The development of central bank digital currencies brings into question the business model to be used for their application in the financial system. Three business models are imposed and considered in search of the one that will best be adopted into the financial system and enable optimal management of the monetary economics. The role of financial institutions and corporate banks varies depending on the business model. Each model, direct, indirect or hybrid, features its own specificities. Central banks have implemented research and analysis of the stated models in order to find the one that would generate maximum potential. The conducted analyses show that central banks lean toward the hybrid model that encompasses the benefits of the direct and indirect models. The hybrid model does not deteriorate financial stability, financial institutions keep their role, while monetary policy management becomes more effective than in the case of the remaining models.
Temeljni cilj ovog rada istražiti je pokazuje li scena solidarnosti u Splitu neka
od temeljnih obilježja koncepta solidarne ekonomije. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćeni
ključni akteri scene solidarnosti u ...Splitu, tj. korišten je namjeran uzorak kombiniran s
metodom snježne kugle, koji čini 21 nosilac upravljačkih pozicija iz devet organizacija
različitih pravno-organizacijskih oblika (npr. udruge, zadruge, politička inicijative,
tvrtke). Provedeni su polustrukturirani intervjui, a dobivena analitička građa obrađena
je metodom tematske analize u kompjuterskom programu za obradu kvalitativnih
podataka (Atlas ti.). Analizom se iskristaliziralo šest tema kroz koje ispitanici opisuju
svoje djelovanje u području solidarnosti te stavove o vlastitom društvenom doprinosu
i konceptu solidarne ekonomije. Teme obuhvaćaju: područje rada, definicije solidarne
ekonomije, način rada organizacije, strukturu donošenja odluka, zagovaranje javnih
politika i društveni doprinos. Utvrđeno je kako neki od nezaobilaznih elemenata scene
solidarnosti u Splitu odgovaraju nekim od temeljnih obilježja solidarne ekonomije
te kako se ključni akteri u tom području teško identificiraju s konceptom solidarne
ekonomije.
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