Inverter-based resources respond differently than synchronous generation sources during power system faults, challenging line protection reliability. To understand the reliability challenges, Sandia ...National Laboratories and North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) led a collaborative study with four inverter manufacturers (mix of Type 3 Wind, Type 4 Wind, and PV Solar) and two North American protective relay manufacturers. As part of this study, an electromagnetic transients program (EMTP) with "real-code" models representing inverter firmware was used to investigate the protective relay response to faults on the modeled power system with the different inverter types. The currents and voltages obtained from the study were then played back through line relay hardware with settings typical of systems with conventional generation. The protective relays exhibited the expected reliability challenges but provided insight into the behavior of inverter-based resources during power system faults. In this paper, we share some of the challenging cases with the responses of the different line protection schemes. Using insight from the various event records, Part II of this paper shows how relay settings can be modified to obtain a substantial improvement in reliability.
Inverter-based resources respond differently than synchronous generation sources during power system faults, challenging line protection reliability. Part I of this paper presented cases that ...challenge line protection schemes. In this paper (Part II), we provide solutions that can be applied to gain a substantial improvement in reliability.
Purpose
The purpose of this study is aimed at analysing the contributors of consumer confusion from the perspective of both information providers and recipients.
Design/methodology/approach
Using Sri ...Lanka as a case study, this study demonstrates views of consumer confusion in terms of information and its contributors in light of the framework adopted by Lu and Gursoy (2015).
Findings
The results ascertain that too much, too similar and too ambiguous information from information providers’ perspective have a significant impact on consumer confusion in the context of the inbound tourist industry in Sri Lanka. Most importantly, it is evident that the information recipients’ knowledge and behaviour attributes, namely, internet experience, learning orientation, tolerance for ambiguity, price consciousness and requirement for cognition have no significant impact on consumer confusion. Furthermore, the quality and quantity of information provided are crucial for the minimisation or avoidance of consumer confusion.
Practical implications
The practical implications drawn from this study could influence all stakeholders of the inbound online tourism trade including managers, advertising executives and marketing experts in providing good quality information to promote tourism.
Originality/value
The contribution of this research is related to the analysis from a theoretical and an empirical perspective of both the information providers’ and decision-making of recipients.
信息与消费者困惑之间的联系：信息提供者与信息接收者
摘要
研究目的
这项研究旨在从信息提供者和接受者的角度分析造成消费者困惑的因素。
调查设计/研究方法
以鲁和古尔索伊（2015）所采用的框架为基础, 本研究以斯里兰卡为例, 就有关信息及其贡献因素方面展示了消费者困惑的观点
调查结果
调查结果确定, 就斯里兰卡入境旅游业而言, 从信息提供者的角度来看, 太多, 太相似和太含糊的信息会对消费者混乱产生重大影响。最重要的是, 很明显, 信息接收者的知识和行为属性, 即互联网体验, 学习倾向, 对歧义的容忍度, 价格意识和认知需求, 对消费者的困惑没有显着影响。此外, 所提供信息的质量和数量对于最小化或避免消费者混淆至关重要。
实际意义
这项研究得出的实际意义可能会影响入境在线旅游业的所有利益相关者, 包括管理人员, 广告主管和营销专家, 以提供高质量的信息来促进旅游业。
原创性价值
此项研究贡献与从信息提供者和接收者的决策的理论和经验角度进行的分析相关。
El nexo entre la información y la confusión del consumidor: proveedor de información versus receptor de información
Propósito
este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar a los contribuyentes de la confusión del consumidor desde la perspectiva de los proveedores de información y los destinatarios.
Diseño/metodología/enfoque
utilizando Sri Lanka como el caso, esta investigación demuestra puntos de vista de la confusión del consumidor en términos de información y sus contribuyentes a la luz del marco adoptado por Lu y Gursoy (2015).
Hallazgos
los hallazgos determinan que demasiada información, muy similar y demasiado ambigua desde la perspectiva de los proveedores de información tiene un impacto significativo en la confusión del consumidor en el contexto de la industria turística entrante en Sri Lanka. Lo más importante es que es evidente que los atributos de conocimiento y comportamiento de los destinatarios de la información, a saber, la experiencia de Internet, la orientación al aprendizaje, la tolerancia a la ambigüedad, la conciencia del precio y la necesidad de cognición no tienen un impacto significativo en la confusión del consumidor. Además, la calidad y la cantidad de información proporcionada son cruciales para minimizar o evitar la confusión del consumidor.
Implicaciones prácticas
las implicaciones prácticas derivadas de este estudio podrían influir en todas las partes interesadas del comercio de turismo en línea entrante, que incluyen gerentes, ejecutivos de publicidad y expertos en marketing para proporcionar información de buena calidad para promover el turismo.
Valor de originalidad
la contribución de esta investigación está relacionada con el análisis desde una perspectiva teórica y empírica tanto de los proveedores de información como de la toma de decisiones de los destinatarios.
Spoof surface plasmons (SSP) has become an active research topic in microwave and terahertz (THz) spectrum since its extraordinary optical and physical properties. The strong near field of SSP mode ...on the corrugated metal surfaces makes it especially attractive for developing a THz electronic source. A THz electronic source based on the efficient generation of SSP modes on the doubly corrugated metallic waveguide is proposed and studied in this paper. The analytical dispersion relations of SSP modes are obtained based on a modal expansion method and the field profiles of SSP modes are also presented by the finite integration method. Besides, the interaction between SSP and injected electron beam is modeled and implemented by particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation based on finite difference time domain algorithm. The gap size between the doubly corrugated metal surfaces can significantly influence the output power and PIC simulation results reveal that output power can be increased from 272 mW to 36.5 W when the gap size decreases from 90 to 40 μm at the frequency near 1 THz by the 19.55 kV, 1 A injected electron beam within 4.5-mm interaction length. The dependencies of the output performance on electron beam parameters are also investigated and we find that there is an optimized beam voltage for the given operation frequency. Various electron beams of pulse and direct current electron beam are studied and we find that half pulsewidth of periodical electron beam is more preferable than other emissive shape of injected electron beam for the given structure. Our studies on the efficient generation of SSP modes on the doubly corrugated metallic waveguide may provide a new way to develop THz electronic sources.
This article presents data gathered in a doctoral study, the aim of which was to identify information needs and behavior patterns of Croatian Catholic priests for pastoral work. Results of the ...research focus only on the role of information and communication technology and using electronic sources by the priests in the liturgy and caregiving role. The research was conducted using quantitative and qualitative methodology (print questionnaires and semi-structured interviews). A total of 327 respondents took part in the quantitative study and twenty respondents were interviewed. Although research results showed that many respondents are not very familiar with the information and communication technology, most of them still occasionally use computers for making documents and consult the Internet for finding religious information in pastoral work. Computers and the Internet to a larger degree are used by younger and well-educated priests who have the least experience regarding management of the parishes in major locations. Since the results indicated that parish priests mostly seek religious and secular information on the Internet, it is recommended that the Catholic Church in Croatia offer them increased electronic resources for pastoral work.
The article discusses the main factors of personal development and the dynamics of their role in the modern world. It is shown that an organized system of education, a teacher, is no longer a ...priority source of personal development: such a source is the electronic media that are today having a mostly negative impact on personal development. The paper considers the prognosis of the new trends in personality development: decentralization of the universities functioning; identification as the main source of personal development via electronic information sources; development, active use of educational films and video courses, the formation of positive stereotypes of mental activity in the individual. It is substantiated that the answer to the question of what and how to teach in a higher education institution autonomously is impossible, without analyzing the role of various sources of personality development and, in particular, a detailed philosophical, sociological, and psychological analysis of the role of modern electronic means for the formation of personality.
This paper investigates the factors that influence the value for the users of the Portuguese electronic scientific information consortium b-on (Biblioteca do Conhecimento Online). We used the ...contingent valuation method based on a willingness to pay scenario to estimate the value that each user is willing to pay. Data were collected through an e-survey sent to all Portuguese academic users. The main aims of this study are: (1) to investigate whether the willingness to pay is influenced by a set of factors (the frequency of use, whether the user previously knew b-on or not, the type of the user, the scientific area of the user, and the institution of the user); and (2) to estimate the demand function of b-on services as function of the price and the previously mentioned factors. In order to achieve these objectives we use several regression analysis techniques – OLS, Tobit model, linear probability model (LPM), Logit and Probit models. The results show that the factors studied are all important explanatory variables of the willingness to pay for b-on and important determinants of demand for b-on services. Moreover, the demand for b-on services is quite sensitive to the ‘price’.
This research aims to investigate empirically the perceived importance of various sources of financial information in relation to various investment decisions in the market, and to explore how the ...new source, electronic sources of financial information (ESFI), stands in relation to them. This study examines the issues from the perspective of individual investors, as a main group of users. Despite the extensive use of ESFI and their websites, especially by individual investors, there has been no research regarding the usefulness of this new source in Egypt. It has been observed that most previous studies focused predominantly on corporate reports (CR) and other traditional sources. In order to gather the data needed for testing related hypotheses, two methods were employed: structured interviews using a questionnaire that was delivered to 120 individual investors, and content analysis of ESFI websites. There was a clear finding that individual investors ranked ESFI as the most important source of information, followed by specialised newspapers and magazines as second, with CR third in importance.
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