Abstract
Introduction
Research shows associations between chronotype and behavior. While eveningness is associated with lower levels of self-control, morningness is associated with increased ...conscientiousness. Additionally, throughout the day, the increase in homeostatic sleep pressure due to wakefulness can affect executive functioning, including emotional regulation. Napping is an effective countermeasure to sleepiness and associated emotional dysregulation, but the impact of chronotype on this benefit is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the impact of chronotype and a midday nap on an aspect of emotional regulation: frustration tolerance.
Methods
40 participants between the ages of 18–50 were randomized into a 60-minute, midday nap or no-nap condition. Chronotype was measured using the Horne-Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). Frustration tolerance (FT) was measured pre and post nap using an adaption of Feather’s frustration tolerance task where FT was measured as the time spent on an impossible task. To examine the association of chronotype and FT, correlational analysis was used. Chronotype was also determined using a median split of the MEQ due to few true morning and evening types in the sample. This data was then subjected to a repeated measures ANOVA with condition (pre or post-nap) as a within-subjects factor and group (nap or no-nap; high or low MEQ score) as between-subject factors.
Results
Results revealed a significant correlation between MEQ score and change in time spent on the impossible task, with those with lower MEQ scores (more evening) showing an increase in time spent on the impossible task, r(20) = -.51, p = .016. Similarly, results of the ANOVA revealed a significant condition (pre or post-nap) by group (nap, no nap; high, low MEQ) interaction, F(1,1) = 4.694, p = .039, such that, those in the nap group with lower MEQ (more evening) spent more time on the impossible task following the nap.
Conclusion
Our results indicate that chronotype may impact a nap’s positive effect on emotional regulation, with greater benefit for those with the eveningness chronotype. Because napping is currently practiced by 1/3 of American adults, from a personalized medicine perspective, it’s imperative that its chronotype-dependent benefits be investigated further to effectively guide evidence-based recommendations.
Support (if any):
Emotion regulation (ER) refers to attempts to influence emotions in ourselves or others. Over the past several decades, ER has become a popular topic across many subdisciplines within psychology. One ...framework that has helped to organize work on ER is the process model of ER, which distinguishes 5 families of strategies defined by when they impact the emotion generation process. The process model embeds these ER strategies in stages in which a need for regulation is identified, a strategy is selected and implemented, and monitoring occurs to track success. Much of the research to date has focused on a strategy called cognitive reappraisal, which involves changing how one thinks about a situation to influence one's emotional response. Reappraisal is thought to be generally effective and adaptive, but there are important qualifications. In this article, we use reappraisal as an example to illustrate how we might consider 4 interrelated issues: (a) the consequences of using ER, either when instructed or spontaneous; (b) how ER success and frequency are shaped by individual and environmental determinants; (c) the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms that make ER possible; and (d) interventions that might improve how well and how often people use ER.
Enhancing emotion regulation among previously depressed people is crucial for improving their resilience and reducing relapse. Therefore, emphasis is placed on determining effective regulation ...strategies, particularly those that, besides down-regulating negative emotions, also up-regulate positive emotions. One promising strategy, with great potential in both these respects, is humor. It is unclear, however, what type of humor is most adaptive in remitted depression. This study compared two distinct humor-based strategies: stress-related humor and stress-unrelated humor. Outpatients with remitted depression (N = 94) participated in a randomized experiment evoking personal stress and the subsequent application of stress-related humor, stress-unrelated humor, or a non-humorous regulation. They repeatedly reported positive and negative emotions (at four time points) and experienced distress (at three time points). There were also assessments of selective attention, subsequent performance, effort, and intrusive thoughts. Unlike non-humorous regulation, humor-based strategies had adaptive consequences, both immediately and after a delay; however, stress-unrelated humor was most beneficial and was the only effective strategy when attention deficits were present. Humor, especially if unrelated to stressors, might broaden the repertoire of powerful emotion regulation strategies in remitted depression. Humorous focusing on distress can be detrimental for patients with attention impairment.Clinical trial registration: The study was registered under the number ISRCTN86314628 (20/09/2021).
Abstract
Introduction
Bedtime Procrastination (BP) is defined as the behavior of going to bed later than intended, despite the absence of external factors. Bedtime procrastination is also prevalent ...among insomnia patients, and is associated with various sleep problems. Recent studies suggest emotional regulation as a mechanism of the procrastination behavior that is the conceptual foundation of bedtime procrastination. Emotional regulation difficulties are also associated with insomnia, but there is still a lack of research on the relationship between insomnia, emotional regulation strategies and bedtime procrastination. Thus, the study assumed that severity of insomnia would affect bedtime procrastination, and examined the moderating effect of the emotional regulation strategies in this relationship.
Methods
This study was conducted in 376 adults (mean age 23.73 ±2.14 years, 84.6% females). Participants were asked to answer Bedtime procrastination scale (BPS), an emotional regulation strategy checklist, and the Insomnia severity scale (ISI).
Results
As a result, a significant positive correlation was found between insomnia severity and bedtime procrastination (r=.286, p<.01), and avoidant/distractive regulation style (r=.101, p<.05). active regulation style (r=-.172, p<.01) and support seeking regulation style (r=-.102, p<.01) showed a significant negative correlation with the severity of insomnia. Bedtime procrastination behavior showed significant negative correlation only with active regulation style (r=-.151, p<.01). Support seeking regulation style moderated the relationship between insomnia and bedtime procrastination behavior (B=.0165, 95%, CI=.0014, .0316). The interaction effect between insomnia and support seeking regulation style was also significant (∆R^2=.0112, p<.05), indicating that the effect of insomnia on bedtime procrastination depends on the level of use of the support seeking regulation style.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that the level of support seeking regulation style is meaningful in terms of how insomnia affects bedtime procrastination.
Support (if any)
This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF-2018S1A5A8026807)
In recent decades, emotion regulation (ER) has been one of the most widely studied constructs within the psychological field. Nevertheless, laboratory experiments and retrospective assessments have ...been the 2 most common strands of ER research; thus, leaving open several crucial questions about ER antecedents and consequences in daily life. Beyond traditional methods, ecological momentary assessment (EMA) has the potential to capture ER dynamics during the flow of daily experiences, in real-life settings and through repeated measurements. Here, we discuss what we currently know about ER antecedents and consequences. We will compare findings from previous literature to findings from EMA studies, pointing out both similarities and differences, as well as questions that can be answered better with the EMA approach.
Dès le début de la vie, le fœtus, puis le nourrisson, est exposé aux flux sensoriels. Son organisme, à travers les récepteurs sensoriels, est construit pour pouvoir les traiter et utiliser ce ...traitement pour développer les capacités perceptives organisant ainsi son développement sensorimoteur. Mais, pour certains enfants, des irritabilités sensorielles peuvent entraver ou limiter ce processus. L’enfant peut avoir de la peine à développer sa propre conscience corporelle ainsi que tous les processus d’agentivité incarnée qui y sont liés. Pour ces enfants, c’est l’ajustement du milieu humain qui va les aider à développer leurs capacités de régulation tonicoémotionnelle en soutenant leurs propres efforts pour atteindre l’apaisement. Le repérage précoce de ces difficultés devrait être central pour accompagner les familles concernées au cours des premiers mois de vie de l’enfant.
Where do individual differences in emotion regulation come from? This review examines theoretical and empirical evidence describing the role that personality traits play in shaping individuals' ...intrapersonal and interpersonal regulation styles. We define and delineate personality traits and emotion regulation and summarize empirical relations between them. Specifically, we review research on the Big Five personality traits in relation to each stage of Gross' (2015) extended process model of emotion regulation. In doing so, we document evidence concerning the relationships between personality traits and three key stages of emotion regulation, namely, identification (i.e., choosing which emotions to regulate), selection (i.e., choosing a broad regulatory approach), and implementation (i.e., adopting specific regulatory tactics). Finally, we make recommendations for future research that we hope will guide researchers in building a systematic understanding of how personality traits shape intrapersonal and interpersonal emotion regulation.
What are the cognitive processes that allow flexible responses to the changing demands of varying emotional contexts? Previous research suggests that higher levels of cognitive control are linked to ...successful emotion regulation. In particular, the implementation of emotion regulation strategies has been associated with individual differences in cognitive control, including (a) inhibiting prepotent responses, (b) updating information in working memory, and (c) shifting mental sets. Although most of this work has focused on the relationship between cognitive control and the short-term implementation of regulatory strategies, cognitive control may be even more important for understanding the dynamic adaptation to varying emotional contexts, that is, emotion regulation flexibility. However, cognitive control and emotion regulation flexibility have not been investigated in conjunction, resulting in a lack of a coherent understanding. In this article, we describe a framework outlining the importance of cognitive control for understanding three key components of emotion regulation flexibility: (a) strategy stopping or switching, (b) strategy maintenance, and (c) monitoring. We highlight the relevance of studying each of these components through the lens of cognitive control processes, particularly focusing on the tradeoff between shielding versus shifting goals and goal-directed behavior in various emotional contexts.
Emotion regulation (ER) strategies are often categorized as universally adaptive or maladaptive. However, it has recently been proposed that this view is overly simplistic: instead, adaptive ER ...involves applying strategies variably to meet contextual demands. Using data from four experience-sampling studies (Ns = 70, 95, 200, and 179), we tested the relationship between ER variability and negative affect (NA) in everyday life. The constantly changing demands of daily life provide a more ecologically valid context in which to test the role of variability. We calculated 2 global indicators of variability: within-strategy variability (of particular strategies across time) and between-strategy variability (across strategies at one time-point). Associations between within-strategy variability and NA were inconsistent. In contrast, when controlling for mean strategy endorsement, between-strategy variability was associated with reduced NA across both individuals and measurement occasions. This is the first evidence that variably choosing between different strategies within a situation may be adaptive in daily life.
The current article addresses the consequences of emotion regulation (ER) for mental health. A large body of research has shown that alterations in ER are related to psychological disorders across ...different diagnostic categories. Because of the apparent ubiquity of ER difficulties in psychopathology, several authors have proposed that ER should be regarded as a transdiagnostic process. This article critically examines evidence regarding alterations in the use of cognitive ER strategies as a transdiagnostic process. Cognitive ER strategies are examined as 1 example of several possible ER-related processes that could be involved in psychopathology. There is consistent evidence showing that a reduced use of cognitive reappraisal and an increased use of negative rumination are present across a number of disorders, whereas increased levels of positive rumination appear to be confined to bipolar disorder. However, there is only preliminary evidence from prospective and/or experimental studies on the causal nature of altered ER strategy use in the development or maintenance of psychopathology. The article concludes by discussing future directions, including methodological and design issues, as well as implications for assessment and treatment when studying alterations in ER from a transdiagnostic perspective.
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