This article analyses anthropological surveys in Brazil that are conducted by consultant researchers (specialists in ethno-anthropological disciplines) for the national institutions responsible for ...officially recognising which lands are to become indigenous reserves. The complexities of the Brazilian situation and the theoretical, methodological and ethnic (identity) issues faced by the anthropologists are examined. This article attempts to answer the question: can anthropology, which since the 1960s has developed a specific analysis of the concepts of ethnicity and ethnic identity, provide specific answers to such institutions concerning the ethnic identity of these groups and their territorial borders? This article attempts to answer this question by drawing on field research that turned anthropologists into informers, just as Indians seeking to claim their territorial rights were turned into informers by these anthropologists. The article analyses the strategies adopted by these Brazilian researchers while performing their consultancies, concluding that the anthropologists who have decided to embark on this challenge assume a role as mediator between indigenous community and state rather than that of a classifier by and for the state. Adapted from the source document.
Ten advanced counseling psychology doctoral students participated in semi-structured telephone interviews designed to investigate their knowledge and understanding of clinical supervisors' ethical ...responsibilities. They responded to questions about clinical supervisor responsibilities and risks; inclusion of clinical supervision in professional codes of ethics; definition and use of informed consent for clinical supervision; approaches for addressing concerns about supervisee competence; ethical reasons to refuse to supervise an individual; and ethical obligations to different constituencies. Using an inductive analysis process, seven themes were extracted. These themes are described, and training and research recommendations are given.
Hierdie studie ondersoek tendense in die volhoubaarheidsverslaggewing deur vyf prominente mynmaatskappye wat op die JSE genoteer is. Die 2005-, 2006-, 2007- en 2008- jaar- en volhoubaarheidsverslae ...van hierdie maatskappye is ontleed deur middel van inhoudsanalise. Sleutelwoorde wat verband hou met ekonomiese bemagtiging, MIV / VIGS, ander gesondheid- en veiligheidsaangeleenthede en omgewingsimpak sowel as opleiding en onderwys, is getel. Hierdie aangeleenthede is ook gekategoriseer in terme van Carroll (1979; 1991) se korporatiewe sosiale verantwoordelikheids- (KSV) piramide wat bestaan uit ekonomiese, regs-, etiese en filantropiese verantwoordelikhede. Hierdie bevindinge het aangedui dat mynmaatskappye hoofsaaklik verslag lewer oor KSV-aangeleenthede wat hul winsgewendheid beïnvloed soos MIV / VIGS en ander gesondheidsverwante aangeleenthede. Daar word aanbeveel dat mynmaatskappye 'n meer gebalanseerde beskouing van die verskeie KSV-kategorieë huldig, ongeag die spesifieke kategorie se impak op winsgewendheid. Mynmaatskappye moet spesifiek hul pogings vermeerder (en verslaggewing fokus) op swart ekonomiese bemagtiging, opleiding en onderwys en werkverwante sterftes. Dit mag aanvanklik duur wees, maar kan bydra tot winsgewendheid op die lange duur. Dit sal ook mynmaatskappye se reputasie verbeter by belanghebbendes soos beleggers en verbruikers, wat maatskappye na waarde skat volgens die mate waartoe hulle hul etiese en filantropiese verantwoordelikhede nakom. Sustainability reporting in the Mining sector : identifying critical issues This study investigates trends with regard to sustainability reporting by five prominent mining companies listed on the JSE. The 2005 to 2008 annual and sustainability reports of these companies were analysed by means of content analysis. Keywords relating to economic empowerment, HIV / AIDS, other health and safety issues, environmental impact as well as training and education were counted. These issues were also categorised in terms of Carroll's (1979; 1991) corporate social responsibility (CSR) pyramid, which consists of economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities. Although the total number of pages dedicated to CSR issues increased in four of the sample companies over the period 2005 to 2008, the keywords-per-page-ratio has decreased or remained constant for all of them. In 2008 Anglo Platinum had the highest keywords-per-page-ratio (1.03) followed by AngloGold Ashanti (1.01), Harmony Gold Mining Company (0.88), Gold Fields (0.86) and DRDGold (0.53). DRDGold's low keywords-per-page-ratio could be a result of its comparatively smaller size and its non-compliance with the GRI's Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. The most important CSR issues reported on by mining companies in all four years were that of HIV / AIDS as well as other health and safety issues. The fact that these CSR issues ranked first and second respectively can be attributed to the direct costs they inflict on the mining companies' profits. This finding makes intuitive sense as companies need to take care of those CSR issues that impact on their bottom line before they can redistribute earnings to meet other ethical and philanthropic responsibilities. Given the adverse impact that mining companies have on the natural environment it is not surprising to note the relatively low importance given to these issues in the companies' annual and sustainability reports. And it certainly is not a case of "no news is good news". It is also worrying that CSR issues relating to training and education have such a low overall priority as one would expect that trained employees would be more productive and hence have a positive impact on profitability. It is, however, encouraging that CSR issues relating to training and education have received more attention in the companies' annual and sustainability reports in the course of the evaluation period. The increased reporting on economic empowerment issues could be indicative of the fact that mining companies are starting to go beyond the letter of the law by better communicating their efforts in this regard to their stakeholders. DRDGold had the highest percentage of CSR keywords reported on in four of the six CSR categories in 2005 and in two of six categories in 2006, 2007 and 2008. Closer inspection, however, reveals that its CSR reporting is not balanced as close to 80 percent of its CSR reporting focuses on HIV / AIDS and other health and safety issues. DRDGold is the smallest mining company in the sample and does not subscribe to the GRI Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. It does not publish a separate sustainability report and had the lowest overall CSR keyword-per-page ratio. This finding points to the fact that stakeholders need to look beyond the glossy pages of companies' sustainability reports when evaluating CSR performance. It also confirms that sustainability reports are often written to portray companies in the best possible light, especially when it comes to promoting their CSR initiatives. In this case "more information" does not necessarily translate into "better information". The local mining sector cannot ignore the importance of CSR issues as doing so might risk them becoming ostracised by stakeholders. In recent years institutional investors across the globe and in South Africa have become more critical in terms of their portfolio selection criteria and ownership policies. More investors are considering environmental, social and corporate governance issues as they are recognising the adverse impact that these risk factors can have on the future profitability if left unmanaged by investee companies. Four out of the five mining companies evaluated in this study were constituents of the FTSE / JSE Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) index in 2008. DRDGold was the only company not to feature in the index. Although participation in the index is voluntary, it does, however, show that a company is committed to improving its CSR standing. Participation in the index is thus strongly recommended.
This chapter examines the ethics of human relationships with artificial entities—bots, robots, and other computational systems created to interact with humans as if they were sentient and autonomous ...individuals. Sentience—the ability to have emotions, to feel pain and want to avoid it—is a core concept here. All currently existing artificial entities are nonsentient, but their interactions and design evoke the impression of a conscious entity with personality and emotion. This impression of consciousness is inherently deceptive. Some artificial entities are beneficial, while others are manipulative and harmful. The chapter then addresses ethical issues in the design and deployment of artificial entities, considering the ethical responsibilities of researchers and designers.
The development of advanced practice nursing roles internationally holds promise for improving patient care, the health of the local community, and the health of a society. Advanced practice roles ...have developed for a variety of reasons, although reasons may differ somewhat among countries. One compelling reason for the proliferation of advanced practice roles from the nursing profession’s standpoint is that higher levels of education and expertise permit a more comprehensive evaluation of, and attention to, a person’s needs. However, a worry about advanced practice roles is that other professions may want to control the APNs practice and direct it to other purposes than nursing goals. This has become a concern in the U.S. that must be guarded against. The situation in the U.S. provides a warning for advance nursing practice in other countries, including Japan. Advanced practice nursing is a nursing role and should not be subverted for other objectives or for the objectives of other professions. Because the nursing profession exists to provide a ‘good’ or service to society all nursing actions have ethical aspects. Accepting the ethical nature of everyday nursing practice is critical to the development of ethical expertise and thus for meeting nursing goals. We can be criticized when we get diverted from our goals whatever the reason. Advanced practice nurses with their higher levels of expertise and education are ideally positioned for leadership. A critical component of advanced practice nursing education, formal and ongoing, is the development of ethical expertise. Ethical expertise, in turn enables leadership of others, nurses as well as colleagues and allied professionals. In this talk I discuss the inseparable nature of nursing and ethics, proposing that advanced practice nurses are in the ideal leadership position to develop ethical environments of care. The skills and capacities needed to develop confidence in ethical decision-making are suggested, as are strategies for continuing to develop advanced practice nursing ethics expertise. Advanced practice leadership is proposed as a way to support and advance ethical practice settings.
The primary purpose of this article is to explore the limits that an agent, such as the government or the American Psychological Association, may place on one's right to pursue a program of research ...or to share the findings of a research project. The primary argument that evolves here is that researchers' rights to pursue an interesting hypothesis, and their freedom of expression, are conditional. The author examines the potential pragmatic and epistemological barriers to a program of research and the responsibilities that researchers bear to address epistemological and nonepistemological matters while reviewing the implications of their work.
As someone with a professional life in philosophy and practical ethics, I often find myself at conferences with an impressive array of scientific experts and hundreds of attendees. We have come ...together to discuss what we know, and do not know, about the present state of the earth’s living nature and what we humans ought to do about the threats to its and our long-term viability. We are explicitly recognizing public or citizen responsibilities for the present and future of nature and our human communities. This is truly significant, at least as a first step.
What can I usefully add?
The Ethical Use of Psychological Tests: Australia Davidson, Graham
European journal of psychological assessment : official organ of the European Association of Psychological Assessment,
01/1997, Letnik:
13, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Statements of
ethics and related guidelines have been developed in Australia over the period
since 1968, covering psychological testing in general, and practices of
individual, group, 'blind' and ...computerized testing in particular.
Guidelines on the psychological testing of indigenous people of Australia also
exist. Changes in regulatory statements and supplementary guidelines over this
period reflect support for the following: the scientist-practitioner philosophy
of psychological practice; multimethod approaches to psychological assessment;
and the explication of 'best practice' in testing. The concept of
contextual competence, contained in the various guidelines, may be extended to
include cultural competence. The statements and guidelines reflect the ethical
precepts of fidelity, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice, and are
reinforced by recent policy statements on professional competencies and
continuing professional development.
