Akturk discusses how the definition of being German, Soviet, Russian and Turkish radically changed at the turn of the twenty-first century. Germany's ethnic citizenship law, the Soviet Union's ...inscription of ethnic origins in personal identification documents and Turkey's prohibition on the public use of minority languages, all implemented during the early twentieth century, underpinned the definition of nationhood in these countries. Despite many challenges from political and societal actors, these policies did not change for many decades, until around the turn of the twenty-first century, when Russia removed ethnicity from the internal passport, Germany changed its citizenship law and Turkish public television began broadcasting in minority languages. Using a new typology of 'regimes of ethnicity' and a close study of primary documents and numerous interviews, Sener Akturk argues that the coincidence of three key factors – counterelites, new discourses and hegemonic majorities – explains successful change in state policies toward ethnicity.
This article traces some deficits related to the school dropping out and its essence as well as various personal qualities that can be considered as a prerequisite for the educational activity. The ...article presents various personal qualities that are associated with a positive attitude towards education and students' assessment of these qualities through the prism of ethnicity. The study shows the pursuit of qualities related to ethics in communication, sociability, autonomy, i.e. areas describing peer interactions and seeking independence from adults, and reducing control. These personal qualities do not depend on ethnicity. Adolescents strive for those qualities that allow them self-regulation, contact skills, and coping with their social world, in which, however, the school has its place.
Review of: City of Black Gold: Oil, Ethnicity, and the Making of Modern Kirkuk, Arbella Bet-Shlimon (2019)Stanford: Stanford University Press, 296 pp.,ISBN 978-1-50360-812-2, h/bk, $85ISBN ...978-1-50360-913-6, p/bk, $14.25ISBN 978-1-50360-914-3, e/bk,
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