By examining the stunning stone buildings and dynamic spaces of the royal estate of Chinchero, Nair brings to light the rich complexity of Inca architecture. This investigation ranges from the ...paradigms of Inca scholarship and a summary of Inca cultural practices to the key events of Topa Inca's reign and the many individual elements of Chinchero's extraordinary built environment. What emerges are the subtle, often sophisticated ways in which the Inca manipulated space and architecture in order to impose their authority, identity, and agenda. The remains of grand buildings, as well as a series of deft architectural gestures in the landscape, reveal the unique places that were created within the royal estate and how one space deeply informed the other. These dynamic settings created private places for an aging ruler to spend time with a preferred wife and son, while also providing impressive spaces for imperial theatrics that reiterated the power of Topa Inca, the choice of his preferred heir, and the ruler's close relationship with sacred forces. This careful study of architectural details also exposes several false paradigms that have profoundly misguided how we understand Inca architecture, including the belief that it ended with the arrival of Spaniards in the Andes. Instead, Nair reveals how, amidst the entanglement and violence of the European encounter, an indigenous town emerged that was rooted in Inca ways of understanding space, place, and architecture and that paid homage to a landscape that defined home for Topa Inca.
The legendary overland silk road was not the only way to reach Asia for ancient travelers from the Mediterranean. During the Roman Empire’s heyday, equally important maritime routes reached from the ...Egyptian Red Sea across the Indian Ocean. The ancient city of Berenike, located approximately 500 miles south of today’s Suez Canal, was a significant port among these conduits. In this book, Steven E. Sidebotham, the archaeologist who excavated Berenike, uncovers the role the city played in the regional, local, and “global” economies during the eight centuries of its existence. Sidebotham analyzes many of the artifacts, botanical and faunal remains, and hundreds of the texts he and his team found in excavations, providing a profoundly intimate glimpse of the people who lived, worked, and died in this emporium between the classical Mediterranean world and Asia.
This book provides an overview of Bronze Age societies of Western Eurasia through an investigation of the archaeological record. The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia outlines the long-term processes and ...patterns of interaction that link these groups together in a shared historical trajectory of development. Interactions took the form of the exchange of raw materials and finished goods, the spread and sharing of technologies, and the movements of peoples from one region to another. Kohl reconstructs economic activities from subsistence practices to the production and exchange of metals and other materials. Kohl also argues forcefully that the main task of the archaeologist should be to write culture-history on a spatially and temporally grand scale in an effort to detect large, macrohistorical processes of interaction and shared development.
The Archaeology of Greek and Roman Troy provides an overview of all excavations that have been conducted at Troy, from the nineteenth century through the latest discoveries between 1988 and the ...present. Charles Brian Rose traces the social and economic development of the city and related sites in the Troad, as well as the development of its civic and religious centers from the Bronze Age through the early Christian period, with a focus on the settlements of Greek and Roman date. Along the way, he reconsiders the circumstances of the Trojan War and chronicles Troy's gradual development into a Homeric tourist destination and the adoption of Trojan ancestry by most nation-states in medieval Europe.
This second volume presenting the research carried out through the Exeter: A Place in Time project presents a series of specialist contributions that underpin the general overview published in the ...first volume. Chapter 2 provides summaries of the excavations carried out within the city of Exeter between 1812 and 2019, while Chapter 3 draws together the evidence for the plan of the legionary fortress and the streets and buildings of the Roman town. Chapter 4 presents the medieval documentary evidence relating to the excavations at three sites in central Exeter (High Street, Trichay Street and Goldsmith Street), with the excavation reports being in Chapter 5-7. Chapter 8 reports on the excavations and documentary research at Rack Street in the south-east quarter of the city. There follows a series of papers covering recent research into the archaeometallurgical debris, dendrochronology, Roman pottery, Roman ceramic building material, Roman querns and millstones, Claudian coins, an overview of the Roman coins from Exeter and Devon, medieval pottery, and the human remains found in a series of medieval cemeteries.
The improved peridynamics is introduced to analyze the stability of surrounding rock in tunnel excavation process. By introducing short-range repulsive force into peridynamic equation of motion, the ...tensile and compression failure characteristics of rock materials is simulated. In order to simulate the process of tunnel excavation, the material point dormancy method is proposed in this paper. By simulating the distribution characteristics of excavation damage zone (EDZ) during the excavation of a circular tunnel with high stress difference, the relationship between the distribution position of EDZ and the direction of maximum principal stress is revealed. The v-shaped notches developed on the tunnel periphery at the direction of perpendicular to the maximum principal stress. The predicted EDZ distribution characteristics is consistent with the results of previous studies. And the displacement field of surrounding rock after tunnel excavation is also in good agreement with FEM simulation result. The simulation results show that this method not only has good stability, but also has high computational efficiency. By analyzing the deformation, damage and failure characteristics of surrounding rock under different buried depths, different lateral pressure coefficients, different excavation methods and different section shapes, the evolution process of rock instability caused by tunnel excavation and unloading is revealed. Which provides reference for the design and optimization of surrounding rock support scheme in deep buried tunnels.
Sited at the furthest limits of the Neolithic revolution and standing at the confluence of the two great sea routes of prehistory, Britain and Ireland are distinct from continental Europe for much of ...the prehistoric sequence. In this landmark 2007 study - the first significant survey of the archaeology of Britain and Ireland for twenty years - Richard Bradley offers an interpretation of the unique archaeological record of these islands based on a wealth of current and largely unpublished data. Bradley surveys the entire archaeological sequence over a 4,000 year period, from the adoption of agriculture in the Neolithic period to the discovery of Britain and Ireland by travellers from the Mediterranean during the later pre-Roman Iron Age. Significantly, this is the first modern account to treat Britain and Ireland on equal terms, offering a detailed interpretation of the prehistory of both islands.
This enlightening study employs the tools of archaeology to uncover a new historical perspective on the Underground Railroad. Unlike previous histories of the Underground Railroad, which have focused ...on frightened fugitive slaves and their benevolent abolitionist accomplices, Cheryl Janifer LaRoche focuses instead on free African American communities, the crucial help they provided to individuals fleeing slavery, and the terrain where those flights to freedom occurred. This study foregrounds several small, rural hamlets on the treacherous southern edge of the free North in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. LaRoche demonstrates how landscape features such as waterways, iron forges, and caves played a key role in the conduct and effectiveness of the Underground Railroad. Rich in oral histories, maps, memoirs, and archaeological investigations, this examination of the "geography of resistance" tells the new, powerful, and inspiring story of African Americans ensuring their own liberation in the midst of oppression.
When slopes are excavated in rock masses with the blasting method, blasting and stress relaxation will produce an excavation damage zone (EDZ) in the remaining rock mass. This study presents an ...estimation of the rock mass properties in the EDZ based on the generalized Hoek-Brown failure criterion and the varying disturbance factor. In this estimation, the disturbance factor is quantified by using the acoustic P-wave velocities tested in undamaged and damaged rock masses, instead of a single constant value chosen from the descriptive guidelines. Statistical analysis of the acoustic test data shows that with an increase in depth behind the slope face, the disturbance factor declines from 1.0 to 0 almost in a linear manner. For blasting excavation of slopes in weaker rock masses, the zone in the immediate vicinity of the slope face is fully damaged and thus over this range the disturbance factor remains the constant value of 1.0. As the disturbance factor linearly decreases within the EDZ, the deformation modulus, uniaxial compressive strength and equivalent cohesive strength of the damaged rock mass linearly increase to the undamaged values. By assigning the varying parameters to the rock mass in the EDZ, a numerical calculation based on the FLAC program is conducted to assess the slope stability. It is found that using the varying rock mass parameters within the EDZ will yield completely different failure surfaces and factors of safety from that uses the constant parameters. Therefore, it is significant to develop such an approach to quickly estimate the varying rock mass properties in the EDZ particularly when in-situ tests are not available.
Stress conditions around deep underground mine openings can significantly influence rock fragmentation and stability, and thus the cuttability of the targeted rock. In this study, rock breakage ...experiments and associated regression analyses indicate nonlinear rock cuttabilities (decreasing followed by increasing) with increases in the differences between biaxial confining stresses and the values of uniaxial confining stresses. Rock breakages were found to be efficient and safe under low and no-stress conditions that require low indentation force and depth, cutting work and specific energy to completely split the rock wtih no rockburst risk. Stress concentration initially impeded rock breakage, although high uniaxial stress improved rock cuttability. Inducing high stress to fracture the rock and produce an excavation damage zone (EDZ) via stress release effectively transformed the stress condition into low confining stress or even the stress-free condition, improving rock cuttability significantly and preventing rockburst. Mining of rock in the EDZ around the pillar could be efficient, cost-effective and safe when using roadheaders, which showed high cutting efficiencies, low pick wear failures, high machine stabilities and no rockbursts. In addition, a binary linear regression model was proposed to determine the thickness variation of the EDZ correlated with the excavation span and a coupled index of rock properties and buried depth of opening. The results indicated that the thickness of the EDZ increases with increases in the buried depth of the opening, which can improve the applicability of non-explosive mechanized mining in deep mines.
