Via a long-term comprehensive instrumentation program, the performance of a 26 m deep metro station excavation constructed by the top-down method in downtown Shanghai was extensively examined. The ...measured excavation responses included diaphragm wall deflections, wall settlements, ground settlements, uplifts of interior steel columns, axial forces of propping struts, groundwater table levels, and settlements of adjacent buildings and utility pipelines. Based on the analyses of field data, the following major findings were obtained: (i) the concrete struts along with the floor slabs effectively suppressed later wall movements and consequently reduced the chance that the maximum wall deflections would occur above the excavation surfaces, (ii) with the progress of excavation to a lower depth, the diaphragm walls underwent a serrated settlement pattern over time, (iii) no significant post-excavation wall deflection occurred, (iv) the relationship between the interior column uplifts and the maximum wall deflections can be described by a linear equation, and (v) most system loads due to soil removal were carried by the concrete struts along with the floor slabs. The struts sustained mainly the released earth pressures due to the exposure of the adjacent portions of diaphragm walls, and the soil removal distant from the struts imposed limited effects on the strut axial forces.
In a study of archaeological sites, standing remains, oral traditions and craft industries, Two Thousand Years in Dendi, Northern Benin offers the first account of a West African region often ...described as a crossroads of medieval empires.
A set of analytical solutions is presented to calculate the stresses and displacements generated when two closely located circular tunnels are sequentially excavated in viscoelastic rock. The ...solutions are provided for circular tunnels excavated in time dependent rock for any type of linear viscoelastic model, e.g. Burgers and Poyting-Thomson model. In the presented solutions the sequential excavation of the tunnels is also accounted for. The radii of the twin tunnels are time-dependent functions reflecting the excavation process adopted.
The solutions are provided as analytical expressions in integral form. These were obtained by extending the principle of correspondence to solid media with time varying boundaries. A comparison of the stresses and displacements predicted by the analytical solutions and FEM analyses for an example case of twin tunnels excavated in a generalized Kelvin medium shows a good agreement between the two methods. Then, a parametric analysis was performed to investigate the influence of the tunnel spacing on displacements and stresses for various excavation processes. Several dimensionless charts summarizing the result of the parametric analysis are provided for the benefit of practitioners.
•An analytical solution for twin tunnels in deep viscoelastic rock is derived.•Any viscoelastic models of the rock and sequential excavation can be accounted for.•The influence of various parameters on displacements and stresses is investigated.
The Maltese archipelago is a unique barometer for understanding cultural change in the central Mediterranean. Prehistoric people helped reshape the islands' economy and when Mediterranean maritime ...highways were being established, the islands became a significant lure to Phoenician colonists venturing from their Levantine homeland. Punic Malta also sat at the front line of regional hostilities until it fell to Rome. Preserved in this island setting are signs of people's endurance and adaptation to each new challenge. This book is the first systematic and up-to-date survey of the islands' archaeological evidence from the initial settlers to the archipelago's inclusion into the Roman world (c.5000 BC–400 AD). Claudia Sagona draws upon old and new discoveries and her analysis covers well-known sites such as the megalithic structures, as well as less familiar locations and discoveries. She interprets the archaeological record to explain changing social and political structures, intriguing ritual practices and cultural contact through several millennia.
The Nebrodi mountains, central-northern Sicily, have long remained archeologically unexplored. This volume hopes to increase the knowledge of many aspects of this part of the island: the meeting ...between indigenous and Greek cultures, their coexistence, the types of settlement and the organization of cities, the trade and the local productions.
Scambi e commerci in area vesuviana: i dati delle anfore dai saggi stratigrafici I.E. (Impianto Elettrico) 1980-81 nel Foro di Pompei rappresenta la prima monografia pompeiana dedicata esclusivamente ...all'analisi delle testimonianze anforiche portate alla luce da attività di scavo archeologico nella città sepolta dall'eruzione del Vesuvio, ed analizza in prospettiva diacronica tutte le produzioni in circolazione tra il VI/V secolo a.C. e l'anno 79 d.C. I quattordici capitoli del volume offrono al lettore i dati relativi alle anfore arcaiche, non abbondanti ma molto significative per le fasi più antiche dell'insediamento, e alle anfore greche, specialmente rodie di epoca ellenistica, che si distinguono per l'abbondanza di esemplari bollati. Sono poi presentate le anfore vinarie italiche di epoca repubblicana, che disegnano un panorama commerciale di grande vitalità, nel quale la Campania gioca un ruolo preminente, intrecciando le sue produzioni con quelle di altre aree della penisola. Si passano quindi in rassegna le anfore africane, o di tradizione punica, caratterizzate da una complessa seriazione tipologica che ben illustra gli intensi rapporti commerciali con il nordafrica e l'isola di Ibiza; seguono poi le anfore punico-gaditane da garum, identificate per la prima volta in area vesuviana proprio in questo studio, e le Dressel 21-22, contenitori per il commercio italico di salagione di recente caratterizzazione e, infine, le produzioni del periodo tardo-repubblicano e giulio-claudio. Completano il volume una serie di analisi complementari effettuate su alcune delle anfore prese in esame: si indaga il paleocontenuto di alcune serie (con le analisi dei residui organici), si analizza la composizione di alcuni impasti, si studiano i sistemi di chiusura e sigillatura delle anfore e del loro contenuto ( opercula ) e si illustrano alcuni casi di reimpiego di anfore, o parti di esse, come affilatoi, come lisciatoi e a fini statici. Tutto questo materiale, analizzato con un approccio integrato ed interdisciplinare, corredato di capitoli che sintetizzano lo stato della ricerca e le prospettive future, consente di formulare molteplici riflessioni, fondamentali per comprendere la ricca ed articolata storia quotidiana di Pompei, dei suoi mercanti e dei suoi abitanti (i consumatori ai quali le anfore erano destinate). Al contempo i dati raccolti sono utili anche per meglio definire la storia economica di alcune delle regioni circum-mediterranee (da Gades all'Egeo) con le quali Pompei ebbe forti legami commerciali nell'antichità, come testimoniano le anfore qui presentate.
Examines the life styles of colonists in Otago, New Zealand through osteological, historical and epidemological analyses of St John's burial ground in Milton. Reveals the findings that indicate that ...the settlers transported their biosocial landscape to the colony and little changed for them on their arrival. Notes that these analyses uncover glimpses into mortality, infection, accident and injury rates. Source: National Library of New Zealand Te Puna Matauranga o Aotearoa, licensed by the Department of Internal Affairs for re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 New Zealand Licence.
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