We ask how export demand shocks associated with the Asian financial crisis affected Chinese exporters. We construct firm-specific exchange rate shocks based on the precrisis destinations of firms' ...exports. Because the shocks were unanticipated and large, they are a plausible instrument for identifying the impact of exporting on firm productivity and other outcomes. We find that firms whose export destinations experience greater currency depreciation have slower export growth and that export growth leads to increases in firm productivity and other firm performance measures. Consistent with "learning-by-exporting," the productivity impact of export growth is greater when firms export to more developed countries.
Brewing justice Jaffee, Daniel
2007, 2007., 20070328, 2007-04-27
eBook, Book
Fair trade is a fast-growing alternative market intended to bring better prices and greater social justice to small farmers around the world. But is it working? This vivid study of coffee farmers in ...Mexico offers the first thorough investigation of the social, economic, and environmental benefits of fair trade. Based on extensive research in Zapotec indigenous communities in the state of Oaxaca, Brewing Justice follows the members of the cooperative Michiza, whose organic coffee is sold on the international fair trade market. It compares these families to conventional farming families in the same region, who depend on local middlemen and are vulnerable to the fluctuations of the world coffee market. Written in a clear and accessible style, the book carries readers into the lives of these coffee producer households and their communities, offering a nuanced analysis of both the effects of fair trade on everyday life and the limits of its impact. Brewing Justice paints a clear picture of the complex dynamics of the fair trade market and its relationship to the global economy. Drawing on interviews with dozens of fair trade leaders, the book also explores the changing politics of this international movement, including the challenges posed by the entry of transnational corporations into the fair trade system. It concludes by offering recommendations for strengthening and protecting the integrity of fair trade.
Son yıllarda orta gelir tuzaǧı kavramı sıklıkla tartışılmaktadır. Gelişmekte olan ülkelere, bu tuzaktan kurtulup yüksek gelir düzeyine ulaşmaları için çeşitli öneriler getirilmektedir. Bu öneriler, ...bu ülkelerin yüksek katma deǧerli teknolojik ürünler üretebilmeleri için gerekli tedbirleri içermektedir. Bu öneriler açık bir şekilde ihracata dayalı büyüme stratejisine dayanmaktadır. Ancak bu stratejinin yapısal bir kusuru bulunmaktadır; gelişmiş ülkelerin ithalat kapasiteleri tarafından belirlenen, gelişmekte olan ülkelerin ihraç malları pazarı sınırlı olduǧu için, tüm gelişmekte olan ülkeler ihracatlarım aynı anda artıramayacaklardır. Eǧer tüm ülkelerin ihracatlarının eşanlı olarak artması mümkün deǧilse, bu ülkeler kendilerini artan bir rekabet ortamında bulacaklar ve orta gelir tuzaǧından kurtulmaları mümkün olmayacaktır. Bu engeli aşabilmek için, ekonomik sorunları küresel düzeyde ele almak yararlı olabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, orta gelir tuzaǧının nedeninin ihracata dayalı kalkınma stratejisi olduǧunu göstermek ve bu sorunu aşmak için Küresel Keynesciliǧin tüm gelişmekte olan ülkelerin ortak çıkarına bir yaklaşım olma potansiyelini ortaya koymaktır.
Due to the rapid industrial growth in the BRICS nations, export earnings and energy demand witnessed an upturn in the preceding years. Therefore, by considering export diversification, extensive ...export margin, and intensive export margin as the determinants of renewable energy, the present study intended to explore whether total, horizontal, and vertical growth in exports stimulated the demand for renewable energy in the BRICS nations for the period of 1990–2018. In doing so, technological innovation, income inequality, and capital formation are carried as controlled variables. The elasticity coefficients revealed that export diversification, traditional exports, technological innovation, and capitalization contributed to escalating the usage of cleaner energy solutions, whereas the exports of new products and income inequality had a negative impact on the demand for renewable energy. The computed results signify the need for advanced and renewable energy-based production processes and just distribution of income in the society so that at industrial and household levels, cleaner, energy-efficient, and environment-friendly procedures can be followed. For securing the constructive contribution of various stakeholders, the study proposed a multipronged policy framework, which may help to culminate a synergy between economic and environmental channels.
Notes: Inc. sig., Inc. insig., and Dec. sig. show significant increase, insignificant increase, and significant decrease in renewable energy consumption, respectively. Display omitted
•Export product diversification increases renewable energy consumption.•Intensive export margin intensifies the demand for cleaner energy solutions.•Extensive export margin leads to a decrease in cleaner energy usage.•Technological innovation stimulates the usage of cleaner energy solutions.
This book analyzes the Central Asian economies of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, from their buffeting by the commodity boom of the early 2000s to its ...collapse in 2014. Richard Pomfret examines the countries' relations with external powers and the possibilities for development offered by infrastructure projects as well as rail links between China and Europe.
The transition of these nations from centrally planned to market-based economic systems was essentially complete by the early 2000s, when the region experienced a massive increase in world prices for energy and mineral exports. This raised incomes in the main oil and gas exporters, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan; brought more benefits to the most populous country, Uzbekistan; and left the poorest countries, the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, dependent on remittances from migrant workers in oil-rich Russia and Kazakhstan. Pomfret considers the enhanced role of the Central Asian nations in the global economy and their varied ties to China, the European Union, Russia, and the United States. With improved infrastructure and connectivity between China and Europe (reflected in regular rail freight services since 2011 and China's announcement of its Belt and Road Initiative in 2013), relaxation of United Nations sanctions against Iran in 2016, and the change in Uzbekistan's presidency in late 2016, a window of opportunity appears to have opened for Central Asian countries to achieve more sustainable economic futures.
Drawback is a special custom regime that allows the exemption, suspension or refunds the payment of taxes on the import of inputs (raw material) used in the production of goods for export. This study ...aims to analyze the use of the Drawback in logistics operations of exporting companies from Santa Catarina State, in southern Brazil. This is a descriptive study with literature review and field research (fieldwork). There was a direct contact between researchers and the international commerce professionals from the companies who use or have used the Drawback, in order to obtain primary data. The target population was defined by producing exporters of Southern Santa Catarina, represented by 44 companies participating in the survey, and only 13 are users of the Customs Drawback scheme. The companies who have used the Drawback are medium and large. They are consolidated in the international market and the majority belongs to the chemical and ceramic sectors. It was observed that despite a good ally of the user companies in increasing sales and creating new products for the international market, some companies (or departments) do not consider the Drawback as a success factor in their exports. In view of these considerations, it is suggested that the companies that do not use Drawback, could search for information about its benefits and how the system works. Moreover, for those companies that are not effectively inserted yet in foreign trade, it can be a tool for the increase of their imports or exports activities.
•This article analyses the effect of the WTO membership on commercial services exports (CSE) for 25 article XII members over the period 2005–2019.•WTO article XII members are countries that joined ...the WTO under article XII of the marrakesh agreement establishing the WTO.•The analysis has used the two-stage probit least squares estimator and the two-step system generalized method of moments estimators.•Results have revealed that the WTO membership led to higher CSE and promoted services export diversification in article XII members.•There are heterogenous effects of the WTO membership on CSE performance among article XII members relatively to non-article XII WTO Members.
The literature on the trade effects of the membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO) has essentially focused on trade in goods, including goods exports. The present analysis has investigated the effect of the WTO membership on commercial services exports for 25 Article XII Members (i.e., countries that joined the WTO under Article XII of the Marrakesh Agreement establishing the WTO) over the period from 2005 to 2019. Results, based on the two-stage probit least squares estimator have revealed that the WTO membership increased significantly commercial services exports, including both modern and traditional services exports in Article XII members, and promoted services export diversification. Using the two-step system generalized method of moments estimator, the analysis has shown heterogenous effects of the membership in the WTO on commercial services export performance among Article XII Members relatively to Non-Article XII WTO Members.
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