Catchment controls on solute export Musolff, Andreas; Schmidt, Christian; Selle, Benny ...
Advances in water resources,
December 2015, 2015-12-00, 20151201, Letnik:
86
Journal Article
Recenzirano
•Concentration and discharge time series of nine catchments have been investigated.•Simple metrics of the C–Qrelations allow for the classification of export regime.•Metrics of export regime can be ...predicted from catchment characteristics.
Dynamics of solute export from catchments can be classified in terms of chemostatic and chemodynamic export regimes by an analysis of concentration–discharge relationships. Previous studies hypothesized that distinct export regimes emerge from the presence of solute mass stores within the catchment and their connectivity to the stream. However, so far a direct link of solute export to identifiable catchment characteristics is missing. Here we investigate long-term time series of stream water quality and quantity of nine neighboring catchments in Central Germany ranging from relatively pristine mountain catchments to agriculturally dominated lowland catchments, spanning large gradients in land use, geology, and climatic conditions. Given the strong collinearity of catchment characteristics we used partial least square regression analysis to quantify the predictive power of these characteristics for median concentrations and the metrics of export regime. We can show that median concentrations and metrics of the export regimes of major ions and nutrients can indeed be inferred from catchment characteristics. Strongest predictors for median concentrations were the share of arable land, discharge per area, runoff coefficient and available water capacity in the root zone of the catchments. The available water capacity in the root zone, the share of arable land being artificially drained and the topographic gradient were found to be the most relevant predictors for the metrics of export regime. These catchment characteristics can represent the size of solute mass store such as the fraction of arable land being a measure for the store of nitrate. On the other hand, catchment characteristics can be a measure for the connectivity of these solute stores to the stream such as the fraction of tile drained land in the catchments. This study demonstrates the potential of data-driven, top down analyses using simple metrics to classify and better understand dominant controls of solute export from catchments.
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Firms in International Trade Bernard, Andrew B.; Jensen, J. Bradford; Redding, Stephen J. ...
The Journal of economic perspectives,
07/2007, Letnik:
21, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Since the mid-1990s, researchers have used micro datasets to study countries' production and trade at the firm level and have found that exporting firms differ substantially from firms that solely ...serve the domestic market. Across a wide range of countries and industries, exporting firms have been shown to be larger, more productive, more skill- and capital-intensive, and to pay higher wages than nonexporting firms. These differences exist even before exporting begins and have important consequences for evaluating the gains from trade and their distribution across factors of production. The new empirical research challenges traditional models of international trade and, as a result, the focus of the international trade field has shifted from countries and industries towards firms and products. Recently available transaction-level U.S. trade data reveal new stylized facts about firms' participation in international markets, and recent theories of international trade incorporating the behavior of heterogenous firms have made substantial progress in explaining patterns of trade and productivity growth.
International trade has become increasingly dependent on the transmission of complex information, often realized via face-to-face communication. This paper provides novel evidence for the importance ...of in-person business meetings in international trade. Interactions among trade partners entail a fixed cost of trade, but at the same time they generate relationship capital, which adds bilateral specific value to the traded products. Differences in the face-to-face communication intensity of traded goods, bilateral travel costs and foreign market size determine the optimal amount of interaction between trade partners. Using U.S. state level data on international business-class air travel as a measure of in-person business meetings, I find robust evidence that the demand for business-class air travel is directly related to volume and composition of exports in differentiated products. I also find that trade flows in R&D intensive manufactures and goods facing contractual frictions are most dependent on face-to-face meetings. The econometric identification exploits the cross-state variation in bilateral exports and business-class air travelers by foreign country and time period, circumventing any spurious correlation induced by cross-country differences driving aggregate travel and trade patterns.
► Examine the importance of buyerseller interactions for international trade. ► Model an exporter’s decision to undertake business meetings based on the complexity of the good traded, the market potential of the importing country, and the cost of international travel. ► Measure buyerseller interactions using U.S. state level data on businessclass air travel, and exploit crossstate variation to identify the results. ► Find robust evidence that the demand for business meetings is directly related to the volume and composition of exports in terms of differentiated goods. ► Across sectors, R&D intensive manufactures and goods facing contractual frictions are most dependent on buyerseller interactions.
This study examines the influence of managers' international orientation, international experience, and export risk perception on the degree of internationalization achieved by their small and ...medium-sized companies. Based on the existing literature and previous research into International Entrepreneurship, a research model was developed and empirically tested using structural equation modeling techniques on a sample of 132 managers of small and medium-sized companies. The main results indicate that the international experience of managers has only an indirect effect on the degree of internationalization. Managers' risk perception regarding exports seems to be a key factor to explain the variation in the degree of internationalization of small and medium-sized companies.
Abstract
Sleep research often relies on large retrospective clinical datasets. However, as the data is usually stored in proprietary formats specific for each sleep software, the raw data cannot be ...easily accessed and analyzed with external tools. While the raw data can usually be exported to more common data formats, this is often a cumbersome and labor-intensive task as it is not required for clinical purposes. Additionally, the recordings often include sensitive patient information which must be removed before the data can be shared or analyzed externally. This anonymization can be difficult to perform manually without the correct tools or knowledge of the file types and how they internally store the data. The STAR sleep recording export software provides a simple tool that can be used to perform the sleep study exports automatically. This allows the user to easily export a batch of sleep studies with minimal effort. In addition, the software can also be used to automatically anonymize the exported sleep recordings allowing researchers to save time and personnel resources as these do not need to be allocated for exporting and anonymizing sleep studies. The software supports Noxturnal, RemLogic, Profusion PSG and Sleepware G3 and it is free and openly available for anyone to download and use.
Foreign trade activities have an important place in national economies. Companies may be met several difficulties while doing these economic contribution. Governments can make contributions to the ...national economy processes by proving some part of their infrastructure services presented to the companies which have the capacity to carry out export businesses. One of those infrastructure services is Organized Industrial Zones which enable industrial activities to be performed at predetermined suitable locations and contribute to the development of both regional and national economies. 108 questionnaires were sent to export companies located in the Mersin Tarsus OIZ, and 49 of the questionnaires returned. In this study, which was planned to be a descriptive one, research questions were formed based on the literature. Factor analysis, reliability analysis and descriptive statistical analysis were used. Variables were grouped under seven subtitles as a result of the factor analysis carried out: inabilities of the company itself, barriers related to the foreign market environment, financial barriers, lack of knowledge, bureaucratic barriers, cultural differences, transportation costs and lack of support. Keywords: Organized Industrial Zone, Export, International Marketing, Mersin Tarsus OIZs. JEL Classification Codes: F23, L22, E21. Dis ticaret faaliyetleri, ulke ekonomileri acisindan cok onemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu ekonomik katilimlardan yararlanilirken cesitli gucluklerle de karsilasilabilinmektedir. Dis ticaret faaliyetlerini yuruten isletmeler acisindan maliyet cok onemli bir unsurdur. Hukumetlerin bu unsuru goz onune alarak gerceklestirmis oldugu maliyet azaltici alt yapi faaliyetlerinden biri de organize sanayi bolgeleridir. Bu calisma Mersin-Tarsus Organize Sanayi Bolgesinde faaliyet gosteren ve ihracat yapan firmalara ihracat yaparken karsilasmis olduklari engelleri belirlemek amaciyla uygulanmistir. 108 firmaya gonderilen anket formlarindan 49 tanesi degerlendirmeye uygun olarak geri donmustur. Tanimlayici bir arastirma olan bu calismada literature dayali arastirma sorulari olusturulmustur. Calismadaki verilerin analizinde faktor analizi, guvenilirlik analizi ve tanimlayici istatistiki analizlerden faydalanilmistir. Faktor analizi sonucu, degiskenler yedi alt baslik altinda toplanmistir: firmanin kendi yetersizlikleri, dis pazar ortamina iliskin engeller, finansal engeller, bilgi eksikligi, burokratik engeller, kulturel farkliliklar ve ulasim maliyetleri ve destek eksiklikleri. Anahtar Kelimeler: Organize Sanayi Bolgesi, Ihracat Engelleri, Uluslararasi Pazarlama, MersinTarsus OSB. JEL Siniflandirma Kodlari: F23,L22, E21.
Regardless of the size of the domestic economy, there are ample reasons for firms to extend their markets beyond home shores. These include increasing sales, improving profits, diversifying risks, ...reaping economies of scale, matching the moves of competitors, enhancing competitiveness or accessing government incentives. Both Indonesia and Malaysia seek to enhance the competitiveness of their micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) by including internationalization goals in their respective national development plans for these enterprises. Findings from fourteen case studies in the two countries indicate that exporting may be a serendipitous discovery, as few of these cases were born global in intent. Shifting to intentional exporting will require entrepreneurs to tap into government and/or private networks and thus connect with international buyers. Indonesian MSMEs are more inclined to depend more on government than private networks as they perceive the former to be more credible. Malaysian cases indicate some firms prefer private to government networks. This is attributed to the differences in the political economy of the two countries. Going forward, both countries need to consolidate their government-run programmes and reduce the fiscal burden. MSMEs should tap more into private networks to bridge the information gap that hinders their access to external markets. ASEAN can facilitate the entry of MSMEs into the ASEAN market by implementing resolutely current plans to reduce technical barriers to trade.
•We analyze how the pace of internationalization is affected by knowledge and learning activities as firms begin to export.•We examine how types of knowledge acquisition and learning interact with ...one another.•We found evidence for significant knowledge-learning interaction effects on the pace of internationalization.•Analysis shows that the effects of congenital knowledge are moderated by the age of the firm at initial exporting activity.•Results show that the effects of vicarious learning and experiential learning are moderated by firms’ strategic intentions.
We analyze how knowledge, learning, and strategic intent shape export intensity during the period surrounding the initiation of export activities in small, independent firms. Our research is conducted on a sample of small firms started in Andalusia, a region characterized by a lower proportion of exporting firms. By examining the interplay among different forms of knowledge and learning we extend stage and international entrepreneurship models of the internationalization process. We find that in addition to the expected direct effects of learning, different forms of knowledge and learning interact to shape the pace of internationalization. Additionally, we find that pre-existing foreign knowledge influences export intensity in younger firms, but not in older ones; and, that the effects of vicarious learning and experiential learning on export intensity are conditioned by firms’ strategic intentions. We discuss the meaning of our results and suggest avenues for future study.
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