Doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar (DYY), yerli yatırım için fon arzını artırarak ev sahibi ülkede sermaye oluşumunu teşvik etmek için önemli bir araçtır. Teorik olarak, DYY ile ithalat arasında olumlu veya ...olumsuz bir ilişki mevcut olabilir. Dolayısıyla DYY’nin ihracat ve ithalat üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi önem kazanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, DYY ile ihracat ve ithalat arasındaki ilişki Türkiye için 1990-2020 dönemini kapsayan veriler kullanılarak Toda-Yamamoto (1995) Granger nedensellik testi ile tespit edilmiştir. Daha sonra doğrusal olmayan ARDL(NARDL) modeli çerçevesinde açıklayıcı değişkenlerin pozitif ve negatif şoklarının ayrıştırılması yoluyla bağımlı değişkene olan etkileri analiz edilmiştir. Toda-Yamamoto (1995) Granger nedensellik testi sonucunda ihracattan ve ithalattan DYY’e doğru tek yönlü Granger nedenselliğinin var olduğu tespit edilmiştir. NARDL modeli sonuçlarına göre ise ihracattaki azalışların doğrudan yabancı yatırımcıları azaltıcı etkisinin, ihracattaki artışların DYY’i artırıcı etkisinden daha yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. Benzer şekilde, ithalattaki azalışların DYY’i azaltıcı etkisinin, ithalattaki artışların DYY’i artırıcı etkisinden daha yüksek olduğu da tespit edilmiştir.
Using Chinese Customs data for the 2007–2018 period, we investigate how Chinese exporters respond to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Based on a difference‐in‐differences identification strategy, ...we find that the BRI causes a substantial increase in China's total exports to BRI countries at the HS‐8 digit product level, and this export‐promoting effect is due to a significant increase in export quantity. We also find that exports increase more to countries along the Maritime Silk Road than those along the Land Silk Road. Moreover, the BRI contributes to optimising the export structure by increasing the proportion of general exports, promoting intermediate exports, improving upstreamness of exports and cutting excess capacity through international market demand. Combined with the existing studies focusing on the impacts on bilateral or global trade, our study helps develop a complete picture of the BRI effects from the perspective of the sponsor country.
Efforts to liberalize world trade are increasingly focusing on strengthening the links between low-income countries' trade policies and their development strategies. However, although greater trade ...openness promises faster growth for poor countries, it also presents risks to those with small and undiversified economies. This pamphlet explores research by Fund staff into the nature and magnitude of these risks and proposes targeted policy solutions to ease adjustments and encourage developing countries to choose fuller participation in the world trading system.
The ratification of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement has laid the platform for the signatory nations to boost their respective economic growth rates, and also raised ...environmental concerns. So far, little is known regarding the roles of export diversification and the composite risk index in the abatement of carbon dioxide (CO
2
) emissions for the RCEP countries. Accordingly, this study investigates the impacts of export diversification and composite risk index on CO
2
emissions for the RCEP countries between 1987 and 2017. The empirical findings indicate that lowering the composite risk index, undertaking a transition to renewable energy, and enhancing environmentally-related technological innovations help reduce CO
2
emissions in the long run. In contrast, export diversification is found to monotonically boost CO
2
emission levels. The findings also authenticate the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis to certify that the economic growth of the RCEP nations will be both an initial contributor and ultimate inhibitor of CO
2
emissions. In line with these findings, it is important to lower the country risk profiles of the RCEP nations, restructure the export diversification schemes, ensure technological advancement and expedite economic growth in an environmentally-friendly manner.
•The relationships between strategic commitment to environmental issues, product and process innovation, and export intensity are examined.•A sample of 409 Polish family firms is used.•Strategic ...commitment to environmental issues and process innovation are positively related.•Process innovation and export intensity are positively related.•Quality certifications strengthen the relationship between strategic commitment to environmental issues and product innovation.
Recognizing the extent of inconclusive findings in the environmental commitment – export performance nexus, this study examines this link in order to reduce theoretical ambiguity. The paper focuses on family firms in Poland and assesses the distinct rate of export intensity resulting from strategic commitment to environmental issues, through product innovation and process innovation. Analyzing a sample of 409 firms sourced from the World Bank Enterprise Survey database, the results indicate that strategic commitment to environmental issues encourages process innovation but not product innovation. In turn, process innovation increases export intensity while product innovation does not. It is also found that quality certifications interact with the relationship between strategic commitment to environmental issues and product innovation. These findings pose important theoretical implications and offer insights to stakeholders particularly interested in the sustainable practices of family firms.
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