Givnish et al. sequenced 77 plastid genes across 545 monocots and 22 outgroups to analyze the phylogenomic relatioonships among all 77 monocoy families, identifying four major accelerations in ...species diversification associated with ecological shifts or expansions.
Family inheritance distribution is an interesting and challenging problem. When a person dies, all of their wealth is passed on to their heirs. Heirs are family members of the deceased with specific ...relationships. The distribution process of wealth in Islam has many rules that make it difficult to understand and require an expert to solve. Many interrelated rules make it difficult to teach and learn. Therefore, there have been multiple attempts to develop an expert system to help solve the family inheritance problem. The existing solutions have some limitations in terms of the completeness of rules, and user‐system interactions, which make these systems unreliable. In this study, we developed an expert system to calculate family inheritance. The two main contributions of this work are the development of a complete set of inheritance rules and the design of intelligent user‐system interaction. We innovate the design of the family tree, which plays the role of an interaction layer with the user. The results of our proposed system demonstrate an accuracy of approximately 93%.
The diversity of jawed-fish remains from the Devonian period (419 million to 358 million years ago) - the Age of Fishes - suggests an evolutionary history that extends deep into or even before the ...sparsely fossiliferous Silurian period (444 million to 419 million years ago)2. In the days since Murchison, fossil finds from the Silurian and older layers of rock have been unevenly spread across the vertebrate family tree. Fossils of intact animals are more compelling, but vanishingly rare; before 2009, all published examples of more-or-less complete Silurian jawed fishes could be counted on the fingers of one hand2.
...researchers studying an ancient human skull found in China have controversially classified it as a new species - dubbed Dragon Man - which might be an even closer relative to modern humans than ...are Neanderthals3,4. Ancestor to Neanderthals Since 2000, the view of human evolution during the past half a million years has become ever-more complicated as researchers have added to the list of species in the genus Homo that lived in the Middle and Late Pleistocene, overlapping in time with modern humans (H. sapiens) and Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis). In the study, Ji and colleagues say that, given the Harbin skull's similarity to some early H. sapiens fossils, H. longi might be an even closer relative to modern humans than Neanderthals are.
•Genetic genealogy databases produce investigative leads in cold and active cases.•Many people in these databases have not given informed consent for law enforcement use.•There is an unknown number ...of minors in the databases.•You are affected if you have a relative in the databases even if you have not tested.•International interdisciplinary best practice guidelines are needed.
In the last year direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic genealogy databases have been used to identify suspects and missing persons in over fifty cold cases, many of which have been unsolved for decades. Genealogists worked on these cases in collaboration with law enforcement agencies. Raw DNA data files were uploaded to the genealogy websites GEDmatch and FamilyTreeDNA, and identification was made by tracing the family trees of relatives who were predicted to be close genetic matches in the database. Such searches have far-reaching consequences because they affect not just those who have consented to upload their DNA results to these databases but also all of their relatives, regardless of whether or not they have taken a DNA test. This article provides an overview of the methods used, the potential privacy and security issues, and the wider implications for society. There is an urgent need for forensic scientists, bioethicists, law enforcement agencies, genetic genealogists and other interested parties to work together to produce international guidelines and policies to ensure that the techniques are used responsibly and effectively.
Abstract
We suggest that mammalian endothermy was established amongst Middle Jurassic crown mammals, through reviewing state‐of‐the‐art fossil and living mammal studies. This is considerably later ...than the prevailing paradigm, and has important ramifications for the causes, pattern, and pace of physiological evolution amongst synapsids. Most hypotheses argue that selection for either enhanced aerobic activity, or thermoregulation was the primary driver for synapsid physiological evolution, based on a range of fossil characters that have been linked to endothermy. We argue that, rather than either alternative being the primary selective force for the entirety of endothermic evolution, these characters evolved quite independently through time, and across the mammal family tree, principally as a response to shifting environmental pressures and ecological opportunities. Our interpretations can be tested using closely linked proxies for both factors, derived from study of fossils of a range of Jurassic and Cretaceous mammaliaforms and early mammals.
The last common ancestor of humans and fruit flies lived about 800 million years ago, yet both of us have nervous systems that share a number of common important features, for example the use of ...glutamate as a neurotransmitter. We can now possibly add another common feature to the neural tissue of humans and fruit flies which is that of N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) peptides. This Editorial highlights an article by Kozik and coworkers in the current issue of the Journal of Neurochemistry, in which the authors report the discovery, in Drosophila melanogaster nervous system, of NAA-glutamylglutamate (NAAG2).
Nanoparticle (NP) assemblies have been studied over the past several decades, and the field is advancing more quickly and reaching into more diverse fields. Reports issued from academic and ...industrial laboratories have driven these advances. Countless breakthroughs have been reported in widely different fields, including thermoelectronics, photoelectronics, catalysts, energy sources, and medical carriers. A “family tree” is clearly needed to accurately trace the developments in the study of NP assemblies. This review uses the unconventional approach of comparing the atomic and NP worlds to describe the development of NP research during the past several decades. The corresponding classifications, such as atoms and NPs, molecules and molecular‐type NP assemblies, crystals and crystalline‐type NP assemblies, biological organisms and analogous artificial assemblies, and biologically functional NP complex assemblies, are discussed in detail. It concludes with remarks concerning the trend from nonliving to living applications of NP assemblies.
The architectural evolution of the nanoparticle world in analogy to the development of biological life from the nonliving atom world is reviewed. The structural classifications of the nonliving nanoparticle world are summarized as well as their special properties in various applications. Inspired architectural nanoparticle assemblies with living function and future evolution direction are also forecasted.
...in vertebrates, the heart is a distinct, layered organ with parts for inflow and outflow that keep a rhythm. ...about a decade ago, the evolutionary origin of the chambered heart was mysterious, ...because similar forms of the organ weren't apparent in animals previously thought to be vertebrates' closest kin: the slim, mobile lancelet. Linda Holland, an evolutionary developmental biologist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, says that hypothetical scenarios about how the chordate body had evolved over evolutionary time "just didn't make sense" with the earlier family tree. Heart cells on the move To explore the evolution of the tunicate heart, Bradley Davidson, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California, Berkeley, in the early 2000s, set his sights on the sea-squirt species Ciona intestinalis. Davidson genetically manipulated sea-squirt embryos so that cells that express a gene involved in vertebrate heart formation, Mesp, would glow green under fluorescent light.
Man-tree metaphor in British linguoculture Abramova, Elena; Pavlycheva, Elena; Tarasova, Olga ...
E3S Web of Conferences,
2021, Letnik:
284
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The tree has long been incorporated into human culture and is interpreted as compatible with a human being as a result of the man’ cognizing the world. Thus, the tree (and its elements) is used as a ...source of metaphor for describing all the spheres and domains of human activity. The prerequisites for the man-tree metaphor are the qualities of man and tree which can be matched: the physical configuration of the tree and the human body, which is vertically directed; local relations between trees and human relations; the visual image of the tree and the family tree concept. The cultural concept of the tree is implicit in personal names and idioms as lexical units. It manifests itself in the context of folklore texts (rhymes, ballads, verbalized superstitions, incantations, riddles) and classical works of fiction. The man-tree metaphor reflects the ancient ideas about man-tree kinship and man-tree isomorphism. The metaphorical transfer is reciprocal: the man can be endowed with the qualities of the tree, the tree can be endowed with the qualities of the man. The man-tree / tree-man metaphor is based both on the generic concept of the tree and its elements and on the concept of individual trees. The man-tree metaphors are verbalized through nouns (functions and status), verbs (activities), adjectives (qualities).
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