The Nobel family Tol, Richard S. J.
Scientometrics,
03/2024, Letnik:
129, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Nobel laureates cluster together. 696 of the 727 winners of the Nobel Prize in physics, chemistry, medicine, and economics belong to one single academic family tree. 668 trace their ancestry to ...Emmanuel Stupanus, 228 to Lord Rayleigh (physics, 1904). Craig Mello (medicine, 2006) counts 51 Nobelists among his ancestors. Chemistry laureates have the most Nobel ancestors and descendants, economics laureates the fewest. Chemistry is the central discipline. Its Nobelists have trained and are trained by Nobelists in other fields. Nobelists in physics (medicine) have trained (by) others. Economics stands apart. Openness to other disciplines is the same in recent and earlier times. The familial concentration of Nobelists is lower now than it used to be.
Wings and flight capacity are common to all of the more than 1,400 living species of bat; however, in addition to the fact that not all bats echolocate, variations in echolocation behaviour ...contribute to bat diversity. Sulser and colleagues' findings support the view3 that pteropodid bats are yinpterochiropterans that lost their capacity for laryngeal echolocation during the course of evolution. Arguably, flight combined with echolocation gave the ancestors of bats a competitive advantage over other animals, such as nocturnal birds - namely, access to nocturnal flying insects as food.
Droplet motions fill a periodic table Steen, Paul H.; Chang, Chun-Ti; Bostwick, Joshua B.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS,
03/2019, Letnik:
116, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Drawing parallels to the symmetry breaking of atomic orbitals used to explain the periodic table of chemical elements; here we introduce a periodic table of droplet motions, also based on symmetry ...breaking but guided by a recent droplet spectral theory. By this theory, higher droplet mode shapes are discovered and a wettability spectrometer is invented. Motions of a partially wetting liquid on a support have natural mode shapes, motions ordered by kinetic energy into the periodic table, each table characteristic of the spherical-cap drop volume and material parameters. For water on a support having a contact angle of about 60°, the first 35 predicted elements of the periodic table are discovered. Periodic tables are related one to another through symmetry breaking into a two-parameter family tree.
Keeping and telling secrets are acts of intimacy. This article explores secret-telling-friendly methodologies, capable of encouraging individuals to share their life stories in their own terms, with ...particular episodes, emotional connections, protagonists, and also secrets. The openness of our research design played an important part in the identification of the role of secret-storytelling in the understanding of life. This was enhanced by methodological tools mobilized during the biographical interviews with individuals of families (the life calendar and the socio-genealogical tree). It testifies the importance of the research design, and method lato sensu, in the sociological analysis of secrets. Each secret connects to the person’s biography, social positioning, historical context, and generational anchor, contributing to understand more about wider social, gender, family, interpersonal, and normative values of given time-space coordinates. Secrets are narrative and emotional devices to build biographical narratives and chronologize life stories, bridging biography and society, exemplarily.
We collected 92,832 user-contributed and publicly available family trees from rootsweb.com, including 250 million individuals who were born in North America and Europe between 1630 and 1930. We ...cleaned and connected the family trees to create a population-scale and longitudinal family tree dataset using a workflow of data collection and cleaning, geocoding, fuzzy record linkage and a relation-based iterative search for connecting trees and deduplication of records. Given the largest connected component of nearly 40 million individuals, and a total of 80 million individuals, we generated, to date, the largest population-scale and longitudinal geo-social network over centuries. We evaluated the representativeness of the family tree dataset for historical population demography and mobility by comparing the data to the 1880 Census. Our results showed that the family trees were biased towards males, the elderly, farmers, and native-born white segments of the population. Individuals were highly mobile - in our 1880 sample of parent-child pairs where both were born in the U.S., 47% were born in different states. Our findings agreed with prior studies that people migrated from East to West in horizontal bands, and the trend was reflected in the dialects and regional structure of the U.S.
...as the war turned in favor of the Allies and allied airman were associated with bombings of cities with massive civilian casualties, the civility disappeared; and the UK POW experience ...deteriorated quickly. The introduction of the Oflag IV-C camp at Colditz to hold incorrigible POWs and the use of capital punishment for escapees preceded the use of forced marched of POWs during the brutal winter of 1944-45 to delay liberation by advancing Russian forces. If one is researching a member of his or her family tree who was incarcerated in Stalag LuftI and found his name listed as a member of the NCO Escape Committee or Code Writer Group, this book would perform an admirable service.
•A Laurel Wilt detection disease system was developed.•It can distinguish Laurel Wilt disease from other disorders with similar symptoms.•Early disease detection was achieved utilizing hyperspectral ...data.•Spectral signature reflectance and vegetation indices were used for disease detection.
Laurel wilt (Lw) disease is an exotic and lethal disease that can kill laurel family trees very fast. It is vectored by the redbay ambrosia beetle that prefers to live and lay eggs inside avocado trees (among other plants). Lw disease continues to expand in Florida posing a major threat to the avocado industry. Early and accurate disease detection is very critical in this case to remove infected trees and distinguish Lw disease from other diseases or disorders with similar symptoms. Herein, we present a nondestructive remote sensing method to detect Lw-infected avocado trees (in early and late stage) and discriminate them from healthy and other factors that cause similar symptoms, such as iron and nitrogen deficiencies, by using a portable spectral data collection system (visible – near infrared; 400–970 nm). Two data sets were collected in 10 nm and 40 nm spectral resolution, and 23 vegetation indices (VIs) were calculated to detect Lw-affected trees by using two classification methods: decision tree (DT) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural networks. Additionally, the optimal wavelengths and VIs to discriminate healthy, Lw-infected and avocado trees with iron and nitrogen deficiencies were identified. The results showed that it was possible to detect Lw-infected trees at early stage and distinguish them from other biotic and abiotic factors with high accuracy (around 100%) using the MLP method. Poorer results were achieved with DTs. The optimum 10 nm wide bands and VIs selected for the Lw-detection were found in the red, red-edge and NIR bands.
The Orphan Drug Act of 1983 was enacted to provide financial incentives to stimulate drug development for rare diseases. In recent years, concerns have been raised regarding these orphan drugs, ...including how many are being approved for both rare and common diseases and the number of subsequent indication approvals. Policy makers have suggested modifications to the Orphan Drug Act's incentives to address these concerns. In this study we investigated the approval "family trees" of orphan drugs. We found that 491 novel orphan drugs were approved between 1990 and 2022. To date, 65 percent have been approved for a single rare disease, 15 percent have been approved for multiple rare diseases, and 20 percent have been approved for both rare and common diseases. Ten percent of orphan drugs received a subsequent indication approval for a pediatric population of an orphan disease. Revenue estimates from 2021 show that one-third of the drugs approved for both rare and common indications and 6 percent of rare-only drugs were among the 200 top-selling drugs worldwide. The results have implications for the possible externalities of modifying the incentives of the Orphan Drug Act, such as a potential decrease in the initiation of programs to develop pediatric rare disease drugs.
With over 20,000 species, Asteraceae is the second largest plant family. High-throughput sequencing of nuclear and chloroplast genomes has allowed for a better understanding of the evolutionary ...relationships within large plant families. Here, the globe artichoke chloroplast (cp) genome was obtained by a combination of whole-genome and BAC clone high-throughput sequencing. The artichoke cp genome is 152,529 bp in length, consisting of two single-copy regions separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,155 bp, representing the longest IRs found in the Asteraceae family so far. The large (LSC) and the small (SSC) single-copy regions span 83,578 bp and 18,641 bp, respectively. The artichoke cp sequence was compared to the other eight Asteraceae complete cp genomes available, revealing an IR expansion at the SSC/IR boundary. This expansion consists of 17 bp of the ndhF gene generating an overlap between the ndhF and ycf1 genes. A total of 127 cp simple sequence repeats (cpSSRs) were identified in the artichoke cp genome, potentially suitable for future population studies in the Cynara genus. Parsimony-informative regions were evaluated and allowed to place a Cynara species within the Asteraceae family tree. The eight most informative coding regions were also considered and tested for "specific barcode" purpose in the Asteraceae family. Our results highlight the usefulness of cp genome sequencing in exploring plant genome diversity and retrieving reliable molecular resources for phylogenetic and evolutionary studies, as well as for specific barcodes in plants.
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