الملخص: الهدف: كان الهدف من هذه الدراسة المخبرية تقييم دفع البرادة العاجية لنظام التحضير الآلي Baby Fanta في الأقنية الجذرية للأرحاء المؤقتة. المواد والطرائق: تألفت عينة البحث من 30 رحى ثانية مؤقتة ...تم تقسيمها إلى مجموعتين متساويتين عشوائياً وفقاً لنظام التحضير المسنخدم: المجموعة الأولى: 15 رحى مؤقتة تم تحضيرها باستخدام نظام التحضير الآلي (Baby Fanta) المجموعة الثانية: 15 رحى مؤقتة تم تحضيرها باستخدام نظام التحضير اليدوي K-file. تم جمع البرادة العاجية ضمن Eppendorf وفقاً لمثال العمل الموصوف من قبل كل من and Myers Montgomery ووزنها بواسطة ميزان عالي الدقة 1\10000 غ حيث تم أخذ ثلاث قياسات واعتماد وسطي القراءات. النتائج: بينت النتائج أنه لم يكن هناك فرق إحصائي من حيث دفع البرادة العاجية بين نظام التحضير اليدوي نظام التحضير الآلي Baby Fanta ولكن كان المتوسط الحسابي للبرادة العاجية المندفعة في نظام التحضير الآلي Baby Fanta (0.0067 غ) أقل من المتوسط الحسابي للبرادة العاجية المندفعة في نظام التحضير اليدوي (0.0091 غ(. الاستنتاج: ارتبطت جميع الأنظمة المستخدمة في هذه الدراسة بدفع البرادة العاجية.
During mechanical preparation of the primary root canal, the original anatomy of the tooth should be preserved and the instrument should be perfectly balanced centrally into the canal space for ...reducing the probability of canal transportation. The aim of this research was to compare canal transportation and canal centring ability in primary root canals using ProTaper Next (Dentsply Mailfair,), AF baby (Fanta), and Kidzo Elephant (Endostar, Poldent Sp.) files.
Eighteen root canals were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups (n = 6 in each group). Instrumentation was performed using ProTaper Next, Fanta AF baby, and Kidzo Elephant files in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. During the instrumentation procedure, the irrigation of 2 mL of 1.5% sodium hypochlorite between each file was done, followed by 5 mL of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as a final irrigating solution. Cone-beam computed tomography images were obtained before and after instrumentation. Each group was evaluated for transportation and centring ratios.
On comparing all the tested groups within each root canal level canal transportation, the results revealed a statistically nonsignificant difference in the buccolingual direction (P > 0.05). Meanwhile, in the mesiodistal direction, group 1 showed a statistically highly significant difference compared to groups 2 and 3 at the cervical level (P < .01). However, in both middle and apical root canal levels, there was a statistically nonsignificant difference amongst all groups (P > 0.05). Regarding the centring ability comparison of the 3 groups within each root canal level, there was a statistically nonsignificant difference amongst all groups (P > 0.05) in both buccolingual and mesiodistal directions.
The ProTaper Next regular rotary file and the paediatric rotary files showed no difference in canal transportation and centring ability in the buccolingual direction, while in the mesiodistal direction at the cervical root canal level, the ProTaper Next showed high transportation liability.
Ethiopia has well known paleontological and archaeological sites within the Rift Valley, but relatively little is known of the potential within the surrounding highlands. Here, we present three ...underexplored sites within and nearby Addis Ababa, Ethiopia's capital city: Fanta, Gemeda, and Koche. These sites were originally mapped in 2008 as part of a rescue project carried out in advance of construction at the Fanta site. As observed in surface contexts and within the modern stream cutbank, Fanta is rich in fossil and archaeological materials. The abundance of hippopotamids at this site (both on the surface and in situ) indicates the presence of a large body of water across the paleolandscape. The site is rich in alcelaphine bovids and equids, and thus likely represents a highland grassland environment. The surface of the site is also rich in artifacts that demonstrate morphologies of the Acheulean technological complex but the relationship of the stone tools to the fauna has yet to be determined. The other sites, Gemeda and Koche are not as rich as Fanta, but may represent other important highland sites.
Since discovery, the sites remain underexplored apart from a large-area ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey at the Fanta site which revealed a vertical succession of reflection packages that have been used to interpret the nature of sedimentary deposits at and away from the exposures. We present the interpretation of previously unpublished GPR data from this survey nearest to the stream cutbank.
Finally, all three sites, but especially Fanta, are under threat of destruction from urban development and encroachment, where some of the site has undergone damages and continues to face ongoing destruction. Despite this, the sites offer the opportunity to develop a center of research, education, and tourism with easy access of Ethiopia's growing and dynamic capital city.
The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of K-type stainless steel hand instruments (Mani Inc. ), Fanta AF™ Ledge Correction (LC) (Fanta Dental), and Hyflex EDM (Coltene-Whaledent) for ledge ...correction, canal transport, centric ability, and shaping (preparation) time after an artificial ledge has been bypassed manually in highly curved canals using acrylic blocks.
Forty-two resin blocks, each with a radius of 5 mm (Endo Trainer Block, VDW) and an apical inclination of 55°, were used. Under stereomicroscope magnification, standard artificial ledges were created on acrylic blocks, and attempts were then made to eliminate them using hand instruments, FantaAF™ LC, and Hyflex EDM. Before and after images were obtained using a stereomicroscope and compared using Photoshop.
Fanta AF™ LC and Hyflex EDM were found to be more effective for correcting ledges than hand instruments. The use of hand instruments resulted in the greatest transportation away from the canal curvature in the apical area. The canal shaping was completed in the shortest amount of time using Fanta AF™ LC, followed by HyFlex EDM and then the hand instruments.
In terms of centric ability, the order from best to worst is as follows: Fanta AF™ LC, Hyflex EDM, and hand instruments. After the ledge was manually bypassed with hand instruments in the root canals, Hyflex EDM and Fanta AF™ LC were found to be more effective than hand instruments in reshaping the previously unreachable region between the ledge and the foramen apical.
This study was done to investigate the effects of common food additives such as sodium benzoate (SB) and ascorbic acid (AA) on haematological parameters of male Wistar rats. Forty-eight (48) male ...albino rats with an average weight of 105 g were grouped into twelve (n = 4) of Basal Control and other 11 groups orally administered 1 mg of SB, 10 mg of SB, 10 mg of AA, 0.2 mg of AA + 0.5 mg of SB, 0.2 mg of AA + 1 mg of SB, 0.2 mg of AA + 10 mg of SB, 0.2 mg of SB + 0.1 mg of AA, 0.2 mg of SB + 0.5 mg of AA, carbonated soft drinks (CSD)+ 0.1 mg of AA, CSD + 1 mg of AA and CSD + 10 mg of AA, respectively for 21 non-consecutive days. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected in EDTA anticoagulant tubes, haematological parameters were evaluated, and data were analyzed. There was a dose-dependent increase (p < 0.05) in White Blood Cell counts of SB treated rats compared with the control group. The lymphocyte exhibited significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the groups treated with 1mg SB and 10mg SB/kg bodyweight of 67 ± 2.96 and 58 ± 4.18%, respectively. The mean corpuscular haemoglobin showed no significant difference at 95% confidence interval. However, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit and platelet were affected by an increase in the concentrations of SB. High SB concentrations increased the destruction of erythrocytes, which directly increased the catabolism of haemoglobin. However, AA administration mitigated the adverse effects of SB on the haematological parameters of the animal.
Food Science; Natural Product Chemistry; Fanta; Haematological parameters; Ascorbic acid; Sodium benzoate; Wistar rats.
This paper presents the results of an investigation carried out on young volcanic rocks from the Gedemsa and Fanta 'Ale complexes, located in the Main Ethiopian Rift, the site of an intense magmatism ...since Eocene–Oligocene. The earlier NW–SE direction of extension of the Rift, which generated NE–SW trending faults, rotated around E–W in Quaternary times, and produced the still active N to N–NE Wonji Fault System. The Gedemsa volcano is located in the central part of the Ethiopian Rift, about 100km SE of Addis Ababa. It is characterized by a wide central caldera, about 8km in diameter. The general stratigraphic sequence in the area includes, from base upwards, rift-floor ignimbrites, pantelleritic and subordinate trachytic pyroclastic deposits and lava flows and domes, and widespread basaltic deposits. The Fanta 'Ale volcanic complex is located in the northern part of the Main Ethiopian Rift, where the Afar depression begins. It is characterized by a summit caldera of which the diameter is about 4km. This volcano erupted trachytic and rhyolitic lavas, whereas the most diffuse unit is an ignimbrite related to the caldera collapse. Explosive activity has occurred inside and outside the caldera, forming tuff cones and thick pumice-fallout deposits. The only mafic unit is represented by a basaltic eruption that occurred in 1870AD. Historical eruptions and intense fumarolic activity are evidence for the persistence activity of the Fanta 'Ale in this part of the Main Ethiopian Rift.
New geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope data on representative samples from Gedemsa and Fanta 'Ale volcanoes are presented and discussed in order to shed light on the genesis of mafic and felsic magmas, the genetic link between them, and their possible interaction with the local crust. Volcanic rocks show a typical mafic–felsic bi-modal distribution with few intermediate terms (Daly Gap), as observed at regional scale along the Main Ethiopian Rift as well as on the plateau. Geochemical data and modeling suggest that magmas evolved mainly through fractional crystallization processes, accounting for the entire mafic–felsic compositional variation. However, Sr–Nd–Pb isotope data reveal also open-system evolution processes. The most differentiated, Sr-poor rhyolites suffered important low temperature contamination by shallow fluids of hydrothermal and/or meteoric origin. This affected mostly the Sr isotopic composition of whole-rocks, and much less that of separated feldspars that provide more reliable 87Sr/86Sr values. Mafic rocks, as well as the least contaminated felsic rocks, provide evidence for two components involved in the genesis and evolution of mafic magmas: a mantle component, carrying the isotopic composition of the Afar plume, and a crustal component, likely Pan-African sialic lower crust, that might have been added in small amounts, about 2%, to mafic magmas. The origin of the primary magmas is inferred to have occurred by 7% partial melting of a mixed source region including both depleted and enriched mantle components.
•We present new geochemical and isotope data for Gedemsa and Fantale volcanoes, MER.•Magmas evolved through both closed- and open-system processes.•Rhyolites were contaminated by fluids, Sr isotope ratio of feldspars is reliable.•Afar mantle plume and Pan-African lower crust contributed to mafic magma origin.
Empirical evidence is scanty on the nexus between caregivers’ nutrition knowledge, market accessibility, and preschool children’s dietary diversity in remote communities of Africa’s most populous ...country, Nigeria. To fill this gap, this study evaluated the effects of caregivers’ nutrition knowledge and access to food market on dietary diversity of preschool children. We used cross-sectional data from four hundred households selected from twenty remote communities in Southeast Nigeria. The study adopted instrumental variable regression to estimate the impacts of nutrition knowledge and food market access on preschool children’s dietary diversity. The findings show that in remote communities, caregivers’ nutrition knowledge and households’ closeness to the market improved preschool children’s dietary diversity. The study demonstrates the potential of improving preschool children’s nutrition outcomes through enhancing access to food market and the nutrition knowledge of the caregivers.
The main objective of this study was to determine the levels of fluoride in soft drinks (Coca Cola, Pepsi, Mirinda, Fanta and Sprite) marketed and widely consumed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Three ...glass-bottled and three plastic-bottled soft drink samples from each brand were purchased randomly from Arat Kilo, Shiromeda and Shola supermarkets, kiosk and tea houses in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Levels of fluoride in the soft drink samples were determined by fluoride ion selective electrode. The method was validated by spiking test which provided percentage recoveries of fluoride in the soft drinks in the range 91-96%. The mean fluoride concentration (mg/L) in the glass-bottled and plastic-bottled soft drink samples, respectively, were: Coca Cola (0.03+ or -0.01, 0.06+ or -0.01), Pepsi (0.23+ or -0.01, 0.10+ or -0.01), Mirinda (0.21+ or -0.02, 0.09+ or -0.01), Fanta (0.03+ or -0.01, 0.05+ or -0.01) and Sprite (0.04+ or -0.01, 0.27+ or -0.01). Pearson correlation showed that the levels of fluoride in the soft drinks were found to correlate positively with each other, which indicates similar source of main component (the water used for dilution). The low levels of fluoride in the soft drinks may not impose health risk in the adults but excessive consumption of soft drinks regularly by the children may result in dental fluorosis. KEY WORDS: Fluoride, Coca cola, Pepsi, Mirinda, Fanta, Sprite
This study analyzed the interrelationships between participation in MFRMs and dietary diversity of poultry farming households in Southeast Nigeria. We used cross-sectional data from poultry farmers ...in Southeast Nigeria and employed instrumental variable and seemingly unrelated regression models to estimate the impact of MFRM participation and major linkages to poultry farm households' dietary diversity. The results show that participating in MFRMs, relative to traditional markets, improved poultry farmers' dietary diversity. Moreover, dietary diversity was positively related to higher poultry farm incomes, higher value of own poultry products consumed, and larger area of vegetable cultivated using poultry droppings as manure. Furthermore, increased poultry farm income, higher value of own poultry products consumed, and larger area of vegetable land cultivated using poultry droppings as manure increased the dietary diversity of the farm households. In contrast, a higher share of poultry production revenue controlled by men reduced household dietary diversity. These findings make clear the potential of improving farming households' nutrition outcomes by promoting participation in MFRMs and the major impact pathways.
Dr Fanta was a researcher in marine biology and professor at the Federal University of Paraná. She developed studies in the area of morphology, behaviour and physiology of fish and also engaged in ...environmental issues. She was part of the Brazilian Antarctic programme for 25 years, since the first Brazilian Antarctic expedition, in 1983, and contributed considerably to knowledge of the biology of Antarctic organisms. Enthusiastic and devoted to Antarctic science, she recognised the natural values of that region and served with distinction in the preservation of the Antarctic environment. She also contributed expressively to capacity building, bringing into Antarctic science a legion of new scientists.
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