RECENZIJA KNJIGE: Rafe McGregor, A CRIMINOLOGY OF NARRATIVE FICTION, Bristol University Press, 2021, str. 176, ISBN: 978-1529208054, Tvrdi uvez, €74.70 / $66.09
Narativ i videoigre Vigato, Matija
Čemu,
12/2019, Letnik:
XV, Številka:
26
Paper
Odprti dostop
Videoigre, kao jedan od najnovijih umjetničkih oblika, nisu dovoljno istražene u filozofiji umjetnosti. Ovim se radom nastoji uvesti u problematiku narativnosti kao njihovog važnog strukturalnog ...obilježja. Navode se neki povijesni utjecaji na za njih specifično interaktivan narativ i predstavlja debata između naratologije i ludologije, u kojoj se propituje njihova bit te odnos igre i narativa. Također, daje se pregled nekoliko klasifikacija razina i načina pojavnosti narativa u njima, a koncepti anakronije Gérarda Genettea primjenjuju se na njihove temporalno-spacijalne dimenzije, pri čemu se spominju i primjeri videoigara koje manipulaciju prostora i vremena koriste za mehaniku igre.
Detektivska fikcija već je desetljećima iznimno popularna među čitateljima. Ovaj rad odgovara na pitanja tko su čitatelji toga žanra i što ih to privlači detektivskim pričama. U prvom dijelu ovoga ...rada nudi se objašnjenje kako su kontemplativci osobito privrženi detektivskoj fikciji, koja se čita kao eskapistička književnost, i zašto je ona posebno popularna na anglosaksonskom području. U drugom dijelu ovoga rada korišten je roman Agathe Christie Božić Herculea Poirota kao primjer organizirane strukture i uspostavljenih konvencija detektivske fikcije koji taj žanr čine tako privlačnim, a uključuju mjesto radnje, karakterizaciju likova, zločin, detektiva i obnovljeni poredak, odnosno sretan kraj.
Kako je tekst Matišićeva dramskog ciklusa Moji tužni monstrumi (2019.), napisan kao nastavak prethodnog dramskog ciklusa Ljudi od voska (2016.), nudeći publici kao središnjeg protagonista »Matu, ...dramskog pisca i glazbenika«, čija se biografija nastavlja na lik »Viktora, dramskog pisca i scenarista« iz drame Ljudi od voska, izvjesno je da je riječ o dva dramska ciklusa koji međusobno dijalogiziraju preko lika koji je namjerno rastavljen na dva imena i dva konteksta, namjerice formalno aludirajući na autora svih navedenih tekstova, Matu Matišića, nesumnjivo dramskog pisca, glazbenika i scenarista. Pri tome je hrvatska javnost nakon premijere Ljudi od voska dokumentarno raspravljala je li u pitanju fikcija ili fakcija, odnosno je li Viktor (lik) u stvari Mate (osoba), odnosno je li Mate (pisac i skrbnik) u stvari Viktor (pisac i skrbnik), što znači da se igra identifikacije preselila iz užeg prostora teatra u širi prostor medijske estrade, s vrlo malo svijesti o tome da se autor svih ovih tekstova višestruko poigrava s javnošću na temu duboke i povijesno stalne, književnoteorijski stabilne ambivalentnosti granice lik / lice. Raslojavanje polemički napisanog »autobiografskog« lika dodatno se nastavlja u ciklusu Moji tužni monstrumi, jer svi Matišićevi »Matišići« shvaćaju da drugi o pogledali na pozornici – ili zato što imaju osobnu fikciju o fikcijama drugih osoba. Nastavak drame Ljudi od voska tako donosi izvanredno kompleksnu dramsko/filozofsku studiju o »reprodukcijskim pravima« autorovog autorstva, autorove smrti i autorove šire zajednice, kao i studiju o manipulaciji svakom psihografijom, u kojoj ne samo da likovi traže svog autora da bi se s njime pirandelovski obračunali, nego pisac istodobno nastupa i kao njihov zarobljenik i kao parezijski prokazivač.
Jedna od najpoznatijih afera u povijesti hrvatske književnosti vezana je za latinski životopis biskupa i bana Petra Berislavića (?-1520.) koji je pod naslovom Vita Petri Berislavi Bosnensis, episcopi ...Vesprimensis, Dalmatiae, Croatiae, Slavoniae, Bosnnaeque bani, (Venecija, 1620.) objavio Ivan Tomko Mrnavić (1580.-1637.), a izazvana je optužbom prirodoslovca Alberta Fortisa (1741.-1803.) u putopisu Viaggio in Dalmazia, (Venecija, 1773.) da je to djelo gotovo doslovni plagijat stotinjak godina prije napisanoga istoimenog djela Antuna Vrančića (1504.-1573.), čiji je izvornik navodno on našao u Šibeniku, u obiteljskom arhivu Draganića-Vrančića. Premda nitko ni prije ni poslije nije vidio sporni rukopis, niti iznio bilo kakav valjan dokaz o njegovu postojanju, Fortisovu optužnicu prihvatila je hrvatska znanstvena javnost, pa je ona uza stanovite preinake ostala na snazi sve do danas. Članak Narativ o bitki kod Dubice 1513., koji je samo jedno poglavlje u opsežnom rukopisu o Mrnavićevu autorstvu Životopisa Petra Berislavića, prilagođen je za samostalno objavljivanje. U njemu se pokazuje kako je jezgro priče o spomenutoj bitki pod Dubicom nastalo mnogo godina poslije smrti Antuna Vrančića, pa ga on nije mogao ni oblikovati.
Polazeći od općeprihvaćenoga stajališta da Antun Vrančić u svojim tekstovima operira vjerodostojnim povijesnim činjenicama, a da je Ivan Tomko Mrnavić u tom smislu poprilično nepouzdan, naratološkom bi se analizom reprezentativne cjeline iz Životopisa, koja govori o Bitki pod Dubicom 1513. nastojalo u radu odgovoriti na pitanje o autorstvu toga dijela teksta. Također bi se na tragu izučavanja faktografske priče ta cjelina promatrala u svjetlu relevantnih povijesnih izvora i povjesničarskih diskursa.
U radu se nastoji rasvijetliti probleme s područja hermeneutičke etike (u smislu hermeneutike moralnog iskustva) vezane uz svjedočenje i govorenje o »onome neizgovorivom« ratnih zločina. Studija ...slučaja odabrana za analizu jest hibridno-žanrovski rukopis pisca i dramaturga Ante Armaninija, čija filozofska činjenična fikcija pod naslovom Don Juan u ratu tematizira nelagodu svjedočenja o ljudskoj patnji i pisanja o svjedočenju patnje.
As is stated in its title, the subject of this dissertation will be the novels of Kazuo Ishiguro, analyzed chronologically, as follows: A Pale View of Hills (1982), An Artist of the Floating World ...(1986), The Remains of the Day (1989), The Unconsoled (1995), When We Were Orphans (2000), and Never Let Me Go (2005). The objective of the analysis will be to highlight the aspect of history in these novels, i.e. to examine the relationship between history and fiction; the impact of significant historical events, mainly wars, on the lives of ordinary people; revaluation of the past in the present moment; but also the conflict of public and private history. All these elements, namely, to a considerable extent characterize the entire oeuvre of this contemporary writer, whose works have been well accepted, both by the readers and the most demanding literary critics. The role of history and momentous historical events in the novels of Kazuo Ishiguro is indisputable. Though present in variable degrees depending on the novel, history is, this way or another, always in the background, complementing the plot, with which it intertwines to build an unbreakable whole. Within this context, we will particularly refer to the relationship between public and private, i.e. personal history of an individual. Moreover, the topics to be dealt with in separate chapters, devoted to the analysis of each novel, include the dialogue between the past and the present, unreliability of memory, revaluation of the past, perspective and pluralism of truths in postmodernism. Special focus during the analysis of Kazuo Ishiguro’s novels from the perspective of history will be placed on the pointlessness and horrors of war, given that the World War II, as a historical event that tragically marked the entire 20th century, occurs in every single novel authored by Ishiguro. Thanks to the specificity of Ishiguro’s style, however, mostly its qualities of being subtle and elliptical, it is only in some novels that we find the gruesome details of war destruction, rubble, and bloodshed, whereas in his other novels it is tacitly understood what kind of tragedy the war actually brings, and how hard it is for ordinary people to bear the burden of its consequences. It is this style of Ishiguro’s that reflects the warm, human message he has been trying to convey in his history-enveloped novels. The concept of this dissertation entails the introductory, theoretical chapter titled “Literature and History from Aristotle to Historiographic Metafiction”, followed by six chapters, each devoted to one of the already listed novels of Kazuo Ishiguro. The introductory chapter focuses on the nature of the relationship between literature and history, an issue which has for ages preoccupied many thinkers, historians of art, literary theoreticians and philologists alike, and which continues to raise interest and trigger numerous discussions even in the period of postmodernism. In this chapter we pinpoint some of the opinions on this issue, referring to the theoreticians like Roland Barthes, Dorit Cohn and Lubomir Doležel, then Keith Jenkins and John Tosh, but also the historian Hayden White. The special place in the theoretical foundation of the dissertation is taken by Poetics of Postmodernism – History, Theory, Fiction, a study by Linda Hutcheon, in which she elaborates on the postulates of the so-called historiographic metafiction – the theory in whose key we will analyze the novels of Kazuo Ishiguro. In short, the essence of historiographic metafiction lies in its need to reveal the possibility of existence of new ways to interpret events, along with the necessity of accepting various views, each of which results in undermining the finality and conclusiveness of historical knowledge, but at the same time in discovering new truths by means of fresh interpretations. The first of Ishiguro’s six novels is A Pale View of Hills (1982), which opens a more detailed analysis. Already in this novel Ishiguro announces that one of his frequent topics will be the social and political changes caused by the World War II, but, even more importantly, the impact of such major historical events on the lives of individuals. The venue – Japan, i.e. Nagasaki, in the aftermath of the War, plays a crucial role in this novel, abounding with references to the atomic bomb and destruction, both material and spiritual, that it caused. The chapter devoted to this novel briefly explains the political situation in Japan before and after the War, touches upon the evolution of communism, but also offers short biographies of two historical figures mentioned in the novel – the Japanese politician Shigeru Yoshida and the American general Douglas MacArthur. Separate segments will be dedicated to the opposition of Japan and America, which, as a leitmotif, runs through the entire novel. Confrontation with the painful past, selfdeception, unreliability of memory, nostalgia – are just some of the topics Ishiguro explores in his novel A Pale View of Hills, but also in his later novels. Finally, at the end of the chapter we come to another extremely important topic which lies at the very core of this dissertation – the relationship of personal and public history, accompanied by different perspectives and thereby conditioned subjectivization of history within the framework of Linda Hutcheon’s historiographic metafiction. We then move on to analyze the second Ishiguro’s novel, An Artist of the Floating World (1986), which is also placed in Japan after the War. This novel, however, is a continuation of the previous one in yet another sense, given that it also focuses on the relation between personal and psychological, on the one hand, and public and political (historical), on the other. However, this time, it additionally underlines the generation gap between those who propagated the nationalist-imperialistic ideology in Japan before the World War II, and the younger generations which, faced with the consequences caused by the erroneous positions of their predecessors, felt nothing but abhorrence and contempt towards them. Apart from these topics, Ishiguro highlights the role of engaged art in historical events, explores the teacher/leader-student relationship, along with the motif of betrayal. Just like in all his novels, he does not fail to emphasize the horrors and pointlessness of war, but also to point towards transience and changes, relationship between old and new, and with this associated nostalgia. This chapter provides brief biographies of two historical figures important for the Japanese culture and tradition – the Japanese heroes Minamoto Yoshitsune and Miyamoto Musashi. As in the previous novel, we cannot but detect the omnipresent Americanization of the Japanese society. At the end of the chapter, once again, we pinpoint the dialogue between the past and the present, and, for this dissertation particularly relevant, relationship between private and public history. The third novel by Kazuo Ishiguro, The Remains of the Day (1989), which brought him the worldwide fame, is particularly important for this dissertation’s topic, given that history plays a rather significant role in it. The strongest argument for this claim is the large number of historical figures – active, present or just mentioned in the novel, including Sir Oswald Mosley, Lord Halifax, Herr Ribbentrop, Sir Winston Churchill, and Anthony Eden. When it comes to the historical background of the novel, the focus is on the period immediately after the First World War and the signing of the Versailles Peace Treaty, along with a certain phenomenon which marked the political orientation at the time – the so-called appeasement policy towards the Nazi Germany. This policy is closely related to the origins of fascism in England and in the entire Europe, the growing anti-Semitism, and, ultimately, the outbreak of the World War II. The novel, however, also depicts the period after the WWII, which is the “here and now” of the protagonist and narrator, the butler Stevens. In this respect, the novel foregrounds the 1956 Suez Crisis, and the gradual deterioration of Great Britain’s former status of an imperialist power, accompanied by the increasingly obvious economic superiority of the USA. The Unconsoled (1995), Ishiguro’s fourth novel, has a specific role in this dissertation, given that one of its main characteristics is ahistoricism. In this novel Ishiguro, in a way, diverges from his representative style, shifting towards a Kafkian experiment, and abolishing any time and space determinants. Therefore, it is rather difficult to find a link with history and fit a chapter on this novel into the concept of this dissertation. Nevertheless, we realized that the treatment of history and abolishment of time and space that we encounter in this novel would be more than an excellent way to stress the universality of history, thus using the opportunity to contrast this ahistorical novel with other, history-abounding novels of Kazuo Ishiguro. Already in his following novel, When We Were Orphans (2000), Ishiguro returns to his recognizable style, having awarded history an even more important role than before. As opposed to the other novels, in which the World War II is mentioned in passing or simply implied, in this novel Ishiguro opted for a more direct and effective approach, devoting a considerably large section of the novel to the depiction of bloodshed, battles, horrendous images of warfare destruction, cruelty and mutilation. Historically speaking, the background for this novel is the Second Sino-Japanese War (in particular, the Battle for Shanghai), which preceded the World War II in this part of the world. When it comes to historical figures, a significant role in the novel is played by two famous Chinese politicians and military leaders – Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong. What is most important, however, is that this novel presents the most explicit manifesta
U ovom ću radu problematizirati korelaciju fenomena domovine i »jastva«, tumačenu na različite načine, u odabranim dramskim djelima Lade Kaštelan i Ivana Vidića. Naslanjat ću se na teoretičare i ...filozofe koji se bave »staništem«, kao i »domom« (G. Bachelard), odnosom osobnog i socijalnog sistema (N. Luhmann), dijaloškog i monološkog (M. Bahtin), pa tako i doživljajem »našeg« te onog »stranog« (U. Bielefeld), »drugog« i drugačijeg. S tim u vezi otvara se i pitanje ideje »nevinosti« kao obrane od egzistencijalnog straha.
Na književnom tekstu napisanom u žanru historičke pripovijetke pisca franjevca Roberta Kauka (Vukovar, 1848. – Zagreb, 1900.) Zadnji dani života Nikole Zrinjskoga mladjega, hrvatskoga bana, ...objavljenom u Vukovaru 1879., razmatrat ćemo pitanje poklapanja prošloga događaja i njegova prikaza u književnom diskursu, legitimiranja usmene predaje kao povijesne činjenice, kao i uvažavanja usmenoga čuvanja starine. Promatrat ćemo trag činjeničnoga stanja i stupanj referencije zapisanoga s osloncem na pozitivistički i mimetički pristup tekstu te dominirajuću racionalističku tradiciju, a potom trag fikcije s nepovijesnim elementima pozivajući se na postignuća naratologije i lingvističkoga obrata koji težište interpretacije stavlja na ulogu jezika i pripovijedanja, čime rasterećuje referencijsku verificiranost i vrijednost teksta te stavlja naglasak na narativni identitet i simboličku strukturu priče. Drukčiji zasvršetak Kaukove priče kao otklon od službene priče o pogibiji Nikole Zrinjskoga u lovu na veprove u šumskoj okolici Čakovca 18. studenoga 1664. upućuje na spoznaju da su u tekstualnoj ostavštini pohranjene historijske i lingvističke strukture koje upućuje na razlike između faktičnoga i fiktivnoga.
U radu se navode i razrađuju osnovni problemi i pitanja koja nameće postupovna neaktivnost organa javne uprave – šutnja uprave. Šutnja uprave tako se izdvaja iz šireg problema neaktivnosti javne ...uprave te nakon toga promatra u svjetlu osnovnih načela postupovnoga prava za jamčenih pojedinim ustavnim i zakonskim odredbama u Republici Hrvatskoj. Također, ukratko se opisuje razvoj instituta zaštite građana od šutnje uprave. Osnovni smjerovi i sustavi zaštite stranaka od šutnje uprave detaljnije se razrađuju te iznose dobre i loše strane svakoga od njih. U zaključku rada zalaže se za dosljednu primjenu sustava negativne fikcije kojim se uspješno rješavaju problemi koje šutnja uprave nameće.
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