NiO thin films have been deposited by chemical spray pyrolysis using a perfume atomizer to grow the aerosol. The influence of the precursor, nickel chloride hexahydrate (NiCl
2·6H
2O), nickel nitrate ...hexahydrate (Ni(NO
3)
2·6H
2O), nickel hydroxide hexahydrate (Ni(OH)
2·6H
2O), nickel sulfate tetrahydrate (NiSO
4·4H
2O), on the thin films properties has been studied. In the experimental conditions used (substrate temperature 350
°C, precursor concentration 0.2–0.3
M, etc.), pure NiO thin films crystallized in the cubic phase can be achieved only with NiCl
2 and Ni(NO
3)
2 precursors. These films have been post-annealed at 425
°C for 3
h either in room atmosphere or under vacuum. If all the films are p-type, it is shown that the NiO films conductivity and optical transmittance depend on annealing process. The properties of the NiO thin films annealed under room atmosphere are not significantly modified, which is attributed to the fact that the temperature and the environment of this annealing is not very different from the experimental conditions during spray deposition. The annealing under vacuum is more efficient. This annealing being proceeded in a vacuum no better than 10
−2
Pa, it is supposed that the modifications of the NiO thin film properties, mainly the conductivity and optical transmission, are related to some interaction between residual oxygen and the films.
Superhydrophobic wood has been created using a combination of O2 plasma etching and plasma deposition of thin films to achieve the necessary combination of surface roughness and chemistry. Inherently ...hydrophobic fluorocarbon films (from pentafluoroethane (PFE) precursor) and hydrophilic diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings (from acetylene precursor) were both used to create highly water repellent substrates. The effect of O2 plasma etching on surface roughness was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (LSCM) profilometry. The wetting behavior of the resulting wood was determined by static water contact angle and droplet sliding angle measurements. Wood samples subjected to O2 plasma etching prior to fluorocarbon deposition exhibited “roll-off” superhydrophobicity with low sliding angles; the sample in this study with the most extreme wetting properties has the highest water contact angle and lowest sliding angle reported to date for modified wood substrates (WCA 161.2°±1.5° and sliding angle ~15°), without affecting visual appearance of the wood. Due to our ability to control roughness, etched samples that were coated with hydrophilic DLC films displayed superhydrophobic behavior (WCA), although the surface was “sticky” in that water droplets did not slide or dislodge from vertically-held substrates.
•Superhydrophobic wood surfaces created by plasma etching and plasma film deposition.•Wood roughness from plasma etching established water droplet repellency and adhesion.•Etched wood samples with fluorocarbon film exhibited “roll-off” superhydrophobicity.•Etched wood samples with amorphous carbon film was superhydrophobic but “sticky”.
Beyond Observation is structured by the argument that the 'ethnographicness' of a film should not be determined by the fact that it is about an exotic culture - the popular view - nor because it has ...apparently not been authored - a long-standing academic view - but rather because it adheres to the norms of ethnographic practice more generally. On these grounds, the book covers a large number of films made in a broad range of styles across a 120-year period, from the Arctic to Africa, from the cities of China to rural Vermont.
Paul Henley discusses films made within reportage, exotic melodrama and travelogue genres in the period before the Second World War, as well as more conventionally ethnographic films made for academic or state-funded educational purposes. The book explores the work of film-makers such as John Marshall, Asen Balikci, Ian Dunlop and Timothy Asch in the post-war period, considering ideas about authorship developed by Jean Rouch, Robert Gardner and Colin Young. It also discusses films authored by indigenous subjects themselves using the new video technology of the 1970s and the ethnographic films that flourished on British television until the 1990s. In the final part of the book, Henley examines the recent work of David and Judith MacDougall and the Harvard Sensory Ethnography Lab, before concluding with an assessment of a range of films authored in a participatory manner as possible future models.
The preparation of thin oxide films on metal supports is a versatile approach to explore the properties of oxide materials that are otherwise inaccessible to most surface science techniques due to ...their insulating nature. Although substantial progress has been made in the characterization of oxide surfaces with spatially averaging techniques, a local view is often essential to provide comprehensive understanding of such systems. The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is a powerful tool to obtain atomic-scale information on the growth behavior of oxide films, the resulting surface morphology and defect structure. Furthermore, the binding configuration and spatial distribution of adsorbates on the oxide surface, as well as their electronic and optical properties can be probed with the STM and embedded spectroscopic techniques.
This article surveys state-of-the-art STM experiments aiming for an investigation of surface properties of oxide materials as well as their interaction with individual adatoms, molecules and metal particles. It provides an introduction into the nucleation and growth of oxide layers on single-crystalline metal substrates, putting special emphasis on the various relaxation mechanisms of the oxide lattice to release the misfit strain with the support. Additionally, the peculiarities of polar oxide films are discussed. In the second part, the different interaction schemes between oxide surfaces and adsorbates are presented from the theoretical point of view as well as on the basis of the key experiment performed with the STM. The focus lies hereby on charge-mediated binding schemes, leading to the formation of cationic or anionic species on the oxide surface. Furthermore, the role of point and line defects in the oxide adsorption behavior is inferred. The potential of thin oxide films as systems with tunable physical and chemical properties is highlighted at the end of this review.
In this study we report on the deposition of Pt nanocluster films prepared by gas aggregation source that was operated with argon as working gas. The aim of this study was optimization of deposition ...process as well as determination of properties of deposited nanocluster films and their temporal stability. It was found that the production of Pt nanoclusters reached maximum value for pressure of 100Pa and increases monotonously with magnetron current. The deposition rate at optimized deposition conditions was 0.7nm of the Pt nanocluster film per second. Deposited films were porous and composed of 4nm Pt nanoclusters. The nanoclusters were metallic and no sights of their oxidation were observed after 1year on open air as witnessed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Regarding the electrical properties, a dramatic decrease of the resistivity was observed with increasing amount of deposited nanoclusters. This decrease saturated for the films approximately 50nm thick. Such behavior indicates transition between different mechanisms of electrical conductivity: charge hopping for thin discontinuous films and current conduction through conducting path formed when higher amount of nanoclusters is deposited. Different mechanisms of electrical conduction for thin and thick layers of Pt were confirmed by subsequent investigation of temperature dependence of resistivity. In addition, no changes in resistivity were observed after one year on open air that confirms stability of produced Pt nanocluster films.
•Pt nanocluster films were deposited by gas aggregation nanocluster source.•Conditions leading to effective deposition of Pt nanocluster films were found.•Deposited nanocluster films have good temporal stability.•Electrical properties of Pt films were found to depend on their thickness.
Fairy Tale Films Greenhill, Pauline; Matrix, Sidney Eve
08/2010
eBook
Odprti dostop
In this, the first collection of essays to address the development of fairy tale film as a genre, Pauline Greenhill and Sidney Eve Matrix stress, "the mirror of fairy-tale film reflects not so much ...what its audience members actually are but how they see themselves and their potential to develop (or, likewise, to regress)." As Jack Zipes says further in the foreword, "Folk and fairy tales pervade our lives constantly through television soap operas and commercials, in comic books and cartoons, in school plays and storytelling performances, in our superstitions and prayers for miracles, and in our dreams and daydreams. The artistic re-creations of fairy-tale plots and characters in film-the parodies, the aesthetic experimentation, and the mixing of genres to engender new insights into art and life-mirror possibilities of estranging ourselves from designated roles, along with the conventional patterns of the classical tales."Here, scholars from film, folklore, and cultural studies move discussion beyond the well-known Disney movies to the many other filmic adaptations of fairy tales and to the widespread use of fairy tale tropes, themes, and motifs in cinema.
The mechanisms of corrosion and wear improvements by low energy high current pulsed electron beam (LEHCPEB) have been investigated for an AISI 316
L steel. Selective purification followed by ...epitaxial growth occurred in the top surface melted layer (2–3
μm thick) that was softened by tensile stresses and, to a much lower extent, by lower efficiency of MnS precipitation hardening. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization analyses used to model the corrosion behavior revealed that, while craters initiated at MnS inclusions initially served as pitting sites, the resistance was increased by 3 orders of magnitude after sufficient number of pulses by the formation of a homogeneous covering layer. The wear resistance was effectively improved by sub-surface (over 100
μm) work hardening associated with the combine effect of the quasi-static thermal stress and the thermal stress waves. The overall results demonstrate the potential of the LEHCPEB technique for improving concomitantly the corrosion and wear performances of metallic materials.
In this work, polycrystalline aluminum doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al) films with c-axis (002) orientation have been grown on glass and silicon substrates by RF (radio frequency) magnetron sputtering ...technique, at room temperature. A systematic study of the effect of sputtering deposition parameters (i.e. RF power and argon gas pressure) on the structural, optical and electrical properties of the films was carried out. We observed that, with increasing RF power the growth rate increased, while it decreased with increasing gas pressure. As mentioned above, the films were polycrystalline in nature with a strong preferred (002) orientation. The intrinsic compressive stress was found to decrease with both increasing RF power and gas pressure, and near stress-free film was obtained at 200
W RF power and 2
×
10
−
1
Pa gas pressure. The obtained ZnO:Al films, not only have an average transmittance greater than 90% in the visible region, but also have an optical band gap between 3.33 and 3.47
eV depending on the sputtering parameters. Moreover, a low value of the electrical resistivity (~
1.25
×
10
−
3
Ω
cm) was obtained for the film deposited at 200
W and 2
×
10
−
3
mbar.
The structural and electrical properties of chemical-solution-deposited Bi1−xSmxFeO3 (x=0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1) thin films on Pt/Ti/SiOx/Si (100) substrates were investigated. Films up to 5at.% ...Sm exhibited a single perovskite phase with rhombohedral structure, whereas films with 7.5 and 10at.% Sm exhibited a distorted orthorhombic crystal structure. Atomic force microscopy of the films showed homogeneous and smooth surface. Films with 7.5at.% Sm exhibited significant reduction in leakage current in the high electric field region and improved breakdown characteristic. The polarization vs. electric field (P–E) hysteresis loops were recorded in a 100nm thick film with 3V coercive voltages. Moreover, well saturated P–E hysteresis loops with high polarization (80μC/cm2) and low coercive field (300kV/cm) were also recorded in 100nm thick films with low coercive voltage (5V). The Sm-substitution in BiFeO3 improved the fatigue endurance with no significant degradation in polarization even after 108 fatigue cycles. These results demonstrate that Sm-substituted BifeO3 films have potential for application in low voltage operational device.
► The electrical properties of Sm-substituted BiFeO3 thin films are investigated. ► Leakage current reduced and improved breakdown characteristic. ► Polarization-electric field hysteresis loops recorded with 3V coercive voltages. ► Improved fatigue endurance with no significant degradation in Pr after 108cycles. ► These films have potential for applications in low voltage operational devices.
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