Gender equality measures are now common in the policies of European film industries and can be an important tool for rendering visible gender inequalities. Recent research, however, indicates that ...top-down institutional gender mainstreaming might mean better conditions for some women in certain aspects, but structural inequalities tend to remain, including lack of an intersectional approach. In this article, these issues are addressed by analysing gender equality policies currently implemented in the Swedish and Spanish film industries. Following Carole Lee Bacchi’s argument that the way in which a problem is represented must be analysed backwards, by looking at the solutions suggested, we unpack what inequalities gender equality measures render visible and, in so doing, highlight the aspects that remain invisible. We also discuss how such problem representation plays out for women in the film industries of both countries and consider the counter-practices women deploy to cope with continuing gender inequality in the film industries of Spain and Sweden. Our main argument is that Swedish and Spanish gender equality policies, despite having increased the presence of women film workers, still fail to render visible the structural basis of inequalities cemented by androcentric film governance structures and a male norm around which the film industry has been built.
The relational antecedents of project-based enterprises have not yet received systematic investigation. These ventures are typically created by individual freelancers who are usually embedded in ...networks of collaborative relationships that convey the information and resources required to carry out new projects. Using a relational perspective of entrepreneurial discovery and team composition, we analyze the performance determinants of project-entrepreneurs, namely the individuals who are responsible for launching and carrying out those projects. We argue that project-entrepreneurs’ performance is related to their degree of centrality within the social network, and their familiarity with the selected project-team as captured by the distribution of ties among team members. We test our hypotheses within the Hollywood Film Industry over the period 1992–2003. The findings point to the existence of diminishing returns to centrality and performance benefits from assembling teams that combine old-timers and newcomers. The theoretical contributions and implications of the study are discussed.
This book reviews the development and performance of the global film industry during the COVID-19 pandemic and examines new trends in film production, distribution and consumption through a global ...lens. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a substantial impact on the global film industry since the beginning of 2020. There has been significant transformation in terms of film production, distribution and consumption. Hollywood, like many national cinemas across the globe, has suffered the most significant impact at all levels: the interruption of new film productions, shutdowns of movie theatres in many countries and delays in the release of new films, among them. Many movies made for cinemas were forced to move from release in theatres to various streaming platforms, and nontraditional production companies continued to grow their market share. This book places the global film industry in a post-Pandemic context. It provides detailed analyses of specific systems of film production, distribution and consumption in national cinemas, as well as in Hollywood, while also engaging with the key theoretical and methodological questions from the film studies literature. This volume is a critical reference for students and scholars of film studies and general readers who are interested in the new trends and transformation of the global film industry in a post-Pandemic era.
The global film industry has witnessed significant transformations in the past few years. Regions outside the USA have begun to prosper while non-traditional production companies such as Netflix have ...assumed a larger market share and online movies adapted from literature have continued to gain in popularity. How have these trends shaped the global film industry? This book answers this question by analyzing an increasingly globalized business through a global lens.Development of the Global Film Industry examines the recent history and current state of the business in all parts of the world. While many existing studies focus on the internal workings of the industry, such as production, distribution and screening, this study takes a "big picture" view, encompassing the transnational integration of the cultural and entertainment industry as a whole, and pays more attention to the coordinated development of the film industry in the light of influence from literature, television, animation, games and other sectors. This volume is a critical reference for students, scholars and the public to help them understand the major trends facing the global film industry in today’s world.
It has been widely believed that subsidies can help revive film industries, but the link between the intent and the actual results deserves more careful scrutiny. This paper addresses this issue by ...comparing and analyzing Europe and the United States. Originally, Europe's subsidies were developed to increase the number of film productions, but they soon became ineffective and were largely exploited by Hollywood as a way to circumvent European protectionist measures. By contrast, US subsidy policies have been initiated and implemented by local state governments in order to enjoy the economic and cultural benefits from the filmmaking business, instead of supporting the film industry per se. Again though, these local subsidies have been exploited by Hollywood studios leaving little benefit for the local states. All of these points show that subsidies can easily become a myth, thus careful consideration should be undertaken when developing more effective policies for the future.
In recent years, there have been many voices in Korea arguing that a few commercially successful films take up the opportunities for the exhibition of other films and thus limit the selection of ...titles available for moviegoers, a trend dubbed the "screen monopoly". In seeking a solution, a number of scholars have looked to the anti-screen monopoly "regulations" in France, but without providing rigorous or persuasive evidence. By comparing the appropriate variables of Korea and France, this paper argues that the Korean film market is less monopolised than France despite the non-existence of these regulations. Furthermore, it demonstrates that Korea has more diversity than France. As a result, this paper concludes that introducing the French anti-screen monopoly regulations in Korea does not seem a beneficial option. The findings in this paper suggest a strong need to re-examine the effectiveness of government policies in the cultural industry.
In the journey of the feminist movement, many efforts have been made to save marginalized women from patriarchy. Betty Friedan, an American feminist writer, reveals the controversial phenomenon of ...the concept of feminine mystique which restrains women from seeking their true selves due to oppression from various parties. In its practice, this phenomenon occurs in the Hollywood film industry, which is supposed to be an industry uncontaminated by gender discrimination. This study aims to investigate the issue of women's marginalization in Taylor Jenkins Reid’s The Seven Husbands of Evelyn Hugo by implementing Betty Friedan’s theory of feminine mystique. Valid data were collected through qualitative research methods by quoting narrations and dialogues from the characters in the novel. Furthermore, the data is processed and analyzed based on the theory used. This study presents the forms of Evelyn's marginalization in three areas: domestic, Hollywood film industry, and public and media. In the end, Evelyn Hugo's rejection of gender oppression in those three areas makes her able to escape from women’s marginalization and become a successful female icon in the Hollywood film industry.
A free ebook version of this title is available through
Luminos, University of California Press's Open Access publishing
program. Visit www.luminosoa.org to learn more . In the
1990s, India's ...mediascape saw the efflorescence of edgy soft-porn
films in the Malayalam-speaking state of Kerala. In Rated
A , Darshana Sreedhar Mini examines the local and transnational
influences that shaped Malayalam soft-porn cinema-such as
vernacular pulp fiction, illustrated erotic tales, and American
exploitation cinema-and maps the genre's circulation among
blue-collar workers of the Indian diaspora in the Middle East,
where pirated versions circulate alongside low-budget Bangladeshi
films and Pakistani mujra dance films as South Asian pornography.
Through a mix of archival and ethnographic research, Mini also
explores the soft-porn industry's utilization of gendered labor and
trust-based arrangements, as well as how actresses and production
personnel who are marked by their involvement with a taboo form
negotiate their social lives. By locating the tense negotiations
between sexuality, import policy, and censorship in contemporary
India, this study offers a model for understanding film genres
outside of screen space, emphasizing that they constitute not just
industrial formations but entire fields of social relations and
gendered imaginaries.
This article compares entanglements between activist demands and policy in the Spanish and Swedish film industries using a critical frames approach. Considering contextual factors such as domestic ...discourse on film policy and resistance against gender equality, the comparison is based on deep insider knowledge aiming to deepen the understanding of feminist activism and its relation to policy in the two countries. In both Spain and Sweden, activists have demanded equality in the film sector since the seventies. Today, both countries feature gender equality measures and vivid feminist organizations. Based on current equality policies, reports from the Swedish and Spanish Film Institutes, documents from feminist filmmakers' associations and interviews with activists, the article shows that feminist activists oscillate between strategically converging their demands to policy and criticizing reforms. Furthermore, policy echoes activists' arguments but are less informed by ideas about structural inequalities. Activists in both Spain and Sweden stand up for the gender equality measures which have been implemented, but the Spanish activists are more prone to simultaneously voice criticism against the reforms..
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