Since the 1980s, bilingualism has become one of the main themes of sociolinguistics - but there are as yet few large-scale treatments of the subject specific to the ancient world. This book is the ...first work to deal systematically with bilingualism during a period of antiquity (the Roman period, down to about the fourth century AD) in the light of sociolinguistic discussions of bilingual issues. The general theme of the work is the nature of the contact between Latin and numerous other languages spoken in the Roman world. Among the many issues discussed three are prominent: code-switching (the practice of switching between two languages in the course of a single utterance) and its motivation, language contact as a cause of change in one or both of the languages in contact, and the part played by language choice and language switching in the establishment of personal and group identities.
The past decade has seen an unprecedented growth in the study of language contact, associated partly with the linguistic effects of globalization and increased migration all over the world. Written ...by a leading expert in the field, this much-needed account brings together disparate findings to examine the dynamics of contact between languages in an immigrant context. Using data from a wide range of languages, including German, Dutch, Hungarian, Italian, Spanish, Croatian and Vietnamese, Michael Clyne discusses the dynamics of their contact with English. Clyne analyzes how and why these languages change in an immigration country like Australia, and asks why some languages survive longer than others. The book contains useful comparisons between immigrant vintages, generations, and between bilinguals and trilinguals. An outstanding contribution to the study of language contact, this book will be welcomed by students and researchers in linguistics, bilingualism, the sociology of language and education.
The article is devoted to considering historical and pedagogical aspects of the development of foreign language education in Ukraine, starting from ancient times and up to our time. The definition ...and analysis of “foreign language education” as a multifaceted phenomenon, which includes several processes: cognition, development, education and training, is provided. Foreign language education is linguistic and cultural education, the result of which should be a plurilingual personality. It is noted that foreign languages were studied in our country even before the adoption of Christianity. For centuries, education and all other socio-political processes were taken care of by the church; therefore, Church Slavonic and Greek languages were studied in schools due to their confessional status. Various educational institutions (“fraternal schools”, “multilingual”, “German”, and “Latin” schools) were opened, in which teaching in foreign languages was widespread. Latin has always held a high status not only as a foreign language but also as a language of instruction in many disciplines. It turns out that domestic foreign language education has been implemented for many years depending on the language policy of the ruling power structures in one or another territory of our country. This affected the main trends and challenges that made it necessary to focus on preserving one’s language and culture. The development of new economic and social processes influenced the departure from “dead languages” to studying “living” ones, which had specific practical significance. It was revealed that the opening of three universities, Kharkiv, Kyiv and Novorossiysk, which taught both classical languages (Latin and ancient Greek) and new ones (French, German, Italian, Polish and English), was a breakthrough in the development of foreign language teaching in higher education. It has been established that after the declaration of independence of Ukraine in 1991, foreign language education developed under the influence of important state documents of Ukraine regarding the study of foreign languages by citizens and the All-European recommendations on language education: study, teaching, evaluation. Therefore, the changes that are taking place force us to rethink the previous experience and integrate new progressive ideas into the educational process in accordance with the strategy for the development of foreign language education in our country.
Moral dilemmas entail deciding whether to cause harm to maximize overall outcomes, such as killing 1 person to save 5. Past work has demonstrated that people are more willing to accept causing such ...outcome-maximizing harm when they read dilemmas in a foreign language they speak rather than their native language. Presumably this effect is due to foreign dilemmas inducing reduced emotional impact, rather than increased cognitive processing, but previous work cannot distinguish between these possibilities because it treats them as diametric opposites. In the current work, we applied process dissociation to independently estimate harm-rejection and outcome-maximization response tendencies underlying dilemma responses. These findings reveal that reading dilemmas in a foreign language reduces both harm-rejection and outcome-maximization inclinations. This pattern clarifies past work by suggesting that reading dilemmas in a foreign language reduces concern for all potential victims-both the fewer to be harmed and the majority to be saved.
The success of a scientist depends on their production of scientific papers and the impact factor of the journal in which they publish. Because most major scientific journals are published in ...English, success is related to publishing in this language. Currently, 98% of publications in science are written in English, including researchers from English as a Foreign Language (EFL) countries. Colombia is among the countries with the lowest English proficiency in the world. Thus, understanding the disadvantages that Colombians face in publishing is crucial to reducing global inequality in science. This paper quantifies the disadvantages that result from the language hegemony in scientific publishing by examining the additional costs that communicating in English creates in the production of articles. It was identified that more than 90% of the scientific articles published by Colombian researchers are in English, and that publishing in a second language creates additional financial costs to Colombian doctoral students and results in problems with reading comprehension, writing ease and time, and anxiety. Rejection or revision of their articles because of the English grammar was reported by 43.5% of the doctoral students, and 33% elected not to attend international conferences and meetings due to the mandatory use of English in oral presentations. Finally, among the translation/editing services reviewed, the cost per article is between one-quarter and one-half of a doctoral monthly salary in Colombia. Of particular note, we identified a positive correlation between English proficiency and higher socioeconomic origin of the researcher. Overall, this study exhibits the negative consequences of hegemony of English that preserves the global gap in science. Although having a common language is important for science communication, generating multilinguistic alternatives would promote diversity while conserving a communication channel. Such an effort should come from different actors and should not fall solely on EFL researchers.
L'oral á l'école marocaine demeure une activité trés complexe mais aussi trés simple. Cette dichotomie se manifeste la plupart du temps á travers le niveau de langue trés bas des éléves. Ces derniers ...éprouvent en effet souvent des difficultés á mener des conversations et á prononcer les mots conformément aux normes. Cette situation résulte d'un manque de pratique au sein de la classe et aussi en dehors du cadre scolaire car la plupart des éléves ne pratiquent pas les langues étrangéres et notamment le franjáis dans leur cercles familiaux et amicaux. La problématique de cette recherche est la suivante: Peut-on done considérer la pratique théátrale comme moyen de développer la compétence de la comprehension et de la production ? Cette contribution essaiera d'apporter des éclairages sur ce qui est le jeu théátral et son impact sur la double compétence de l'oral.
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