Experiences of and exposures to violence impact older adolescents and young adults in a myriad of ways. While typically conceptualized as interpersonal, other forms of violence, namely, structural ...and symbolic, can be harmful to development for this population. This study utilized qualitative methodologies, including ethnographic field notes and interviews, to capture the ways in which 12 young persons aged 16 to 20 from Philadelphia experience and conceptualize multiple forms of violence across neighborhood contexts. In total, 85 interviews and over 100 hours of field observations were conducted and analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings from this study demonstrate that multiple forms of violence are experienced and impact how young adults make meaning of their life experiences. Importantly, our study explores how these forms of violence occur in tandem across contexts. Whereby, aspects of young adult development and well-being are shaped by violence across the micro, meso, and macro systems with which they interact. Implications of this work include adapting Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory to include multiple forms of violence so that practitioners and researchers can better understand how forms of violence are enacted and the associated impacts on young adults.
•Youth of color who engage in police contact experience multiple forms of violence.•Interpersonal, structural and symbolic violence cumulatively shape youth trust and mistrust in the criminal justice ...system.•Understanding how youth experience forms of violence through police contact has important implications for policy and service provision.
Interactions with police in neighborhoods shape how residents perceive justice and equity. A growing body of literature seeks to understand how young adults interact, experience, and perceive the criminal justice system with a focus on policing in their neighborhoods. However, to date much of the research in this area only focuses on singular forms of violence or vicarious police contact in relation to the views youth hold with regard to criminal justice. The purpose of this study is to identify the ways in which young adults living in Philadelphia conceptualize and experience multiple forms of violence embedded in policing practices. To capture young adult perceptions of policing at the intersection of multiple forms of violence we used multi-pronged qualitative methods, conducted 85 interviews and field observations, and collected geo-located heart rate data across 12 participants, aged 16 to 21. We find that exposure to multiple forms of violence (interpersonal, symbolic and structural) through policing practices lead to a mistrust of the criminal justice system. Key findings indicate that at times police escalate situations leading to increased violence and that youth may be negatively impacted not only through individual level interactions but also through the mere presence of law enforcement. These results highlight the importance of studying and intervening in violence in multiple forms, particularly within the context of policing.
In Empire's Violent End, Thijs Brocades Zaalberg and Bart Luttikhuis, along with expert contributors, present comparative research focused specifically on excessive violence in Indonesia, Algeria, ...Vietnam, Malaysia, Kenya, and other areas during the wars of decolonization. In the last two decades, there have been heated public and scholarly debates in France, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands on the violent end of empire. Nevertheless, the broader comparative investigations into colonial counterinsurgency tend to leave atrocities such as torture, execution, and rape in the margins. The editors describe how such comparisons mostly focus on the differences by engaging in "guilt ranking." Moreover, the dramas that have unfolded in Algeria and Kenya tend to overshadow similar violent events in Indonesia, the very first nation to declare independence directly after World War II. Empire's Violent End is the first book to place the Dutch-Indonesian case at the heart of a comparison with focused, thematic analysis on a diverse range of topics to demonstrate that despite variation in scale, combat intensity, and international dynamics, there were more similarities than differences in the ways colonial powers used extreme forms of violence. By delving into the causes and nature of the abuse, Brocades Zaalberg and Luttikhuis conclude that all cases involved some form of institutionalized impunity, which enabled the type of situation in which the forces in the service of the colonial rulers were able to use extreme violence.
In Empire's Violent End, Thijs Brocades Zaalberg and Bart Luttikhuis, along with expert contributors, present comparative research focused specifically on excessive violence in Indonesia, Algeria, ...Vietnam, Malaysia, Kenya, and other areas during the wars of decolonization. In the last two decades, there have been heated public and scholarly debates in France, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands on the violent end of empire. Nevertheless, the broader comparative investigations into colonial counterinsurgency tend to leave atrocities such as torture, execution, and rape in the margins. The editors describe how such comparisons mostly focus on the differences by engaging in "guilt ranking." Moreover, the dramas that have unfolded in Algeria and Kenya tend to overshadow similar violent events in Indonesia, the very first nation to declare independence directly after World War II. Empire's Violent End is the first book to place the Dutch-Indonesian case at the heart of a comparison with focused, thematic analysis on a diverse range of topics to demonstrate that despite variation in scale, combat intensity, and international dynamics, there were more similarities than differences in the ways colonial powers used extreme forms of violence. By delving into the causes and nature of the abuse, Brocades Zaalberg and Luttikhuis conclude that all cases involved some form of institutionalized impunity, which enabled the type of situation in which the forces in the service of the colonial rulers were able to use extreme violence.
Cilj je rada prikazati značaj nasilnih smrti u Republici Hrvatskoj s osobitim osvrtom na smrtne
ishode kao posljedicu nasilja, te predočiti osnovne uzroke nasilja i prevenciju. Podaci o učestalosti
...nasilja u Hrvatskoj uspoređeni su s podacima za države u bližem okruženju, kao i s onima
svojstvenim drugim državama Europe i svijeta. U radu su analizirani podaci za razdoblje od
2015. do 2018. godine. Prosječno godišnje u Hrvatskoj zabilježi se 2850 nasilnih smrti, od čega
je 74 % nastalo nesretnim slučajem (stopa smrtnosti iznosi 50/100.000). Među nesretnim slučajevima
česti su padovi (30/100.000), a slijede prometne nesreće (10/100.000). Standardizirana
stopa smrtnosti uzrokovana nasiljem u Hrvatskoj je niska (1,6/100.000), dok su samoubojstva
sa srednje visokom stopom (12,1/100.000). Među ubojstvima gotovo polovica odnosi se na žene
koje su ubili partneri. Zbog obiteljskog nasilja policija godišnje prekršajno prijavi oko 10.000,
a kazneno oko 5.000 osoba, od čega se 1.600 odnosi na kaznena djela protiv života i tijela. Broj
prijavljenih kaznenih djela protiv spolne slobode i spolnog zlostavljanja i iskorištavanja djeteta u
RH pokazuje oscilacije od 775 (2015.) do 836 (2018.). Razmatrane su mjere prevencije i potreba
multidisciplinarnog pristupa. Istaknut je značaj stvaranja pozitivnog socijalnog ambijenta, te
definiranje jasnih preventivnih socijalnih politika u kojima treba uključiti sve raspoložive potencijale.
This article explores the perceptions of Ogoni people about the existence and causes of structural violence in their communities. It relies heavily on qualitative data collected from five oil-rich ...and three oil-poor Ogoni communities, between February and May 2014, during which 200 open-ended survey questionnaires were administered and 189 were returned. Three focus group discussions and 69 key informant interviews were also conducted. The findings of the article are that structural violence can be found in Ogoniland; it is manifested in both visible and invisible forms; it is blamed by elites on exogenous factors, but by the disadvantaged on both exogenous and endogenous factors; and it will only be eliminated by reducing inequality and increasing democratisation.
The COVID-19 pandemic did not only change how we work with others and deliver public services, but also our very way of living. Furthermore, the way we view and experience conflict and violence will ...never be the same. Therefore, changes anticipated in relation to justice and criminal justice will be unprecedented, with criminal justice institutions such as prisons, courts and probation to be reviewed whether for financial, political or health and safety-related reasons. This Editorial introduces this Special Issue, which focuses on highlighting both the ambitions but also critiques of the role that restorative justice can play in the post COVID-19 era.
Objetivo: a pesar de la abundante discusión académica acerca de la violencia, sus formas, actores, efectos, entre otros elementos, una pregunta emerge casi de manera permanente: ¿de qué hablamos ...cuando hablamos de violencia? El presente artículo realiza una Reflexión sobre la definición y análisis del concepto de la violencia desde distintos enfoques disciplinarios e interdisciplinarios con el objetivo de intentar una respuesta para la pregunta ¿qué se entiende por violencia? Metodología: se consideraron algunos de los aportes realizados desde la Antropología, las Ciencias Políticas, la Filosofía, la Sociología, la Investigación para la Paz, la Criminología y la Salud Pública. Resultados: se encontró que la mayoría de los trabajos que sirvieron de base a este estudio consideran a la violencia como un elemento que delimita las interacciones sociales más que un acto irracional o instintivo. Y, dependiendo la perspectiva de análisis, establecen el grado de influencia de lo cultural, simbólico, institucional y normativo en su manejo y justificación. Conclusiones: se concluye con un balance de las ventajas y desventajas de la conveniencia analítica del tránsito del término violencia a la expresión violencias. Ello, considerando un enfoque interdisciplinario que no sólo se centra en las manifestaciones físicas, sino que atiende la multidimensionalidad de la violencia y el entramado que crean las distintas escalas de interacción y afectación convirtiéndola en fenómeno social mutable y complejo.
Background: Psychological distress following experiencing bullying victimization in childhood has been well documented. Less is known about the impact of bullying victimization on psychosocial ...adjustment problems in young adulthood and about potential pathways, such as shame. Moreover, bullying victimization is often studied in isolation from other forms of victimization.
Objective: This study investigated (1) whether childhood experiences of bullying victimization and violence were associated with psychosocial adjustment (distress, impaired functioning, social support barriers) in young adulthood; (2) the unique effect of bullying victimization on psychosocial adjustment; and (3) whether shame mediated the relationship between bullying victimization and these outcomes in young adulthood.
Method: The sample included 681 respondents (aged 19-37 years) from a follow-up study (2017) conducted via phone interviews derived from a community telephone survey collected in 2013.
Results: The regression analyses showed that both bullying victimization and severe violence were significantly and independently associated with psychological distress, impaired functioning, and increased barriers to social support in young adulthood. Moreover, causal mediation analyses indicated that when childhood physical violence, sexual abuse, and sociodemographic factors were controlled, shame mediated 70% of the association between bullying victimization and psychological distress, 55% of the association between bullying victimization and impaired functioning, and 40% of the association between bullying victimization and social support barriers.
Conclusions: Our findings support the growing literature acknowledging bullying victimization as a trauma with severe and long-lasting consequences and indicate that shame may be an important pathway to continue to explore. The unique effect of bullying victimization, over and above the effect of violence, supports the call to integrate the two research fields.
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