Pengenalan pembuatan pupuk organik cair dari limbah padat biogas yang diperkaya oleh unsur Nitrogen (N) telah dilakukan pada peternak sapi perah di Desa Tutur Kabupaten Pasuruan. Desa Tutur. Pupuk ...organik cair diproduksi dengan menggunakan fermentor portabel kapasitas 60 L dan difermentasi selama 21-30 hari. Bahan dasar yang digunakan adalah limbah padat biogas, air dan starter EM4. Hasil analisis pupuk cair yang dibuat dengan perbandingan limbah biogas dan air 1:5 menunjukkan peningkatan kadar unsur N dari 0,77% menjadi 1,16%. Pupuk yang dihasilkan digunakan oleh peternak untuk budidaya rumput gajah dan tanaman bungan krisan.
Bu araştırma, rekombinant DNA teknolojisi kullanarak yerli imkanlarla üretilen fitaz enziminin ticari bir fitaz enzimi ile karşılaştırılarak yumurta tavuklarının performans ve yumurta kalite ...özelliklerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. 40 haftalık yaşta, toplam 80 adet ATAK-S hibrit kahverengi yumurtacı tavuk 4 grup ve 20 tekerrür (her tekerrürde 1 tavuk) olacak şekilde rasgele bireysel kafeslere dağıtılmıştır. Araştırma 15 hafta boyunca devam ettirilmiştir. Deneme grupları; kontrol (% 0.35 yararlanılabilir P) (PK), negatif kontrol (% 0.25 yararlanılabilir P) (NK), NK+600 FTU/kg yem deneysel fitaz (DF) ve NK+600 FTU/kg yem ticari fitaz (TF) şeklinde oluşturulmuştur. Yemdeki yararlanılabilir fosfor (YP) oranının düşürülmesi ve ticari veya deneysel fitaz ilavesi canlı ağırlık, yumurta verimi, ağırlığı ve kütlesi, yem tüketimi ve yem değerlendirme oranı gibi performans parametrelerini etkilememiştir (P>0.05). Kırık-çatlak yumurta oranı, kabuk ağırlık oranı, kabuk kalınlığı ve mukavemeti, ak yüksekliği ve haugh birimi gibi yumurta kalite özellikleri de farklı muamelelerden önemli düzeyde etkilememiştir (P>0.05). Sonuç olarak, yerli imkanlarla üretilen deneysel fitazın yumurta tavuklarının performans parametreleri ve yumurta kalite özelliklerine olan etkileri ticari fitazla benzer olmuştur.
The aim of this study was to evaluate of concentrations of nitrate, ammonium and nitrite nitrogen, total and phosphate phosphorus under the forest ecosystem Čaradice stream during 2005-2010. The ...average concentration of N-NO3- for the whole of the monitored period was 1.76 mg*dm-3. Its highest average concentrations in all monitored years were generally in the winter. The average concentration of ammonia nitrogen during the whole monitored period was 0.14 mg*dm-3. Minimum average concentrations over the entire observed period were recorded in the winter period and maximum during the summer and autumn periods. The average nitrite nitrogen concentration over the entire monitored period was 0.025 mg*dm-3. Depending on the time of collection, its lowest average concentration was recorded in January and the highest in June and September. The average total phosphorus concentration under the forest ecosystem of the Čadadický stream for the whole monitored period was 0.676 mg*dm-3. Its lowest average value for the whole reporting period was recorded in February and the highest in November. The average concentration of P-PO43- for the whole reference period was 0.203 mg*dm-3. Its lowest average concentration, depending on the collection time, was found in January and the highest in August.
The novel lanthanum-modified clay water treatment technology (Phoslock®) seems very promising in remediation of eutrophied waters. Phoslock® is highly efficient in stripping dissolved phosphorous ...from the water column and in intercepting phosphorous released from the sediments. The active phosphorous-sorbent in Phoslock® is the Rare Earth Element lanthanum. A leachate experiment revealed that lanthanum could be released from the clay, but only in minute quantities of 0.13–2.13μgl−1 for a worst-case Phoslock® dosage of 250mgl−1. A life-history experiment with the zooplankton grazer Daphnia magna revealed that lanthanum, up to the 1000μgl−1 tested, had no toxic effect on the animals, but only in medium without phosphorous. In the presence of phosphorous, rhabdophane (LaPO4·nH2O) formation resulted in significant precipitation of the food algae and consequently affected life-history traits. With increasing amounts of lanthanum, in the presence of phosphate, animals remained smaller, matured later, and reproduced less, resulting in lower population growth rates. Growth rates were not affected at 33μgLal−1, but were 6% and 7% lower at 100 and 330μgl−1, respectively, and 20% lower at 1000μgl−1. A juvenile growth assay with Phoslock® tested in the range 0–5000mgl−1, yielded EC50 (NOEC) values of 871 (100) and 1557 (500)mg Phoslock®l−1 for weight and length based growth rates, respectively. The results of this study show that no major detrimental effects on Daphnia are to be expected from Phoslock® or its active ingredient lanthanum when applied in eutrophication control.
Vinova loza i maslina predstavljaju dvije najvažnije drvenaste kulture u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji u Hrvatskoj, te se uzgojem vinove loze bavi oko 40.000 proizvođača dok se uzgojem masline bavi oko ...20.000 proizvođača. Kako se radi o trajnim drvenastim kulturama, jesenska gnojidba je važna radi opskrbe vinove loze i masline potrebnim hranivima za rast i razvoj u slijedećem vegetacijskom ciklusu. Važan preduvjet pravilne gnojidbe je analiza tla kako si se utvrdila plodnost tla te sastavio pravilan plan gnojidbe. Na tržištu postoje različiti oblici i formulacije gnojiva za jesensku gnojidbu vinove loze i masline.
Both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) can limit primary production in shallow lakes, but it is still debated how the importance of N and P varies in time and space. We sampled 83 shallow lakes along a ...latitudinal gradient (5°-55° S) in South America and assessed the potential nutrient limitation using different methods including nutrient ratios in sediment, water, and seston, dissolved nutrient concentrations, and occurrence of N-fixing cyanobacteria. We found that local characteristics such as soil type and associated land use in the catchment, hydrology, and also the presence of abundant submerged macrophyte growth influenced N and P limitation. We found neither a consistent variation in nutrient limitation nor indications for a steady change in denitrification along the latitudinal gradient. Contrary to findings in other regions, we did not find a relationship between the occurrence of (N-fixing and non-N-fixing) cyanobacteria and the TN. TP ratio. We found N-fixing cyanobacteria (those with heterocysts) exclusively in lakes with dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations of < 100 µg/L, but notably they were also often absent in lakes with low DIN concentrations. We argue that local factors such as land use and hydrology have a stronger influence on which nutrient is limiting than climate. Furthermore, our data show that in a wide range of climates Í limitation does not necessarily lead to cyanobacterial dominance.
Polimer esaslı (plastik) malzemelerin 1950’li yıllardan bu yana hayatın her alanında gittikçe artan bir oranda kullanım alanı bulmaktadır. Polipropilen (PP), poliolefin grubunda yer alan ve oldukça ...yaygın kullanılan termoplastik polimerlerden birisidir. PP’den elde edilen ürünler paketleme ve ambalaj sektöründe, otomotiv uygulamalarında, elektrik ve elektronik sektöründe ve inşaat sektöründe çok geniş bir uygulama alanına sahiptir. PP’nin tekstil sektöründe kullanımı da büyük önem arz etmektedir. PP düşük maliyet, hafiflik, yüksek mekanik dayanıklılık, yüksek kimyasal direnç ve istenilen ısıl kararlılık gibi önemli avantajları nedeniyle kullanım alanı sürekli artan bir malzemedir. Yanmaya karşı direnç PP’nin kullanıldığı pek çok alanda önemlidir. PP yüksek yanıcılığa sahip olduğundan çeşitli alev geciktirici katkı malzemeleri ile güç tutuşur hale getirilerek bu alanlarda kullanılır. Bu çalışmada PP’ye güç tutuşurluk özelliği (alev geciktiricilik) kazandırmak amacıyla kullanılan katkı malzemeleri incelenmiş, bu alandaki güncel gelişmelere ve gelecekteki beklentilere değinilmiştir. Güç tutuşurluk özelliği kazandıran malzemeler halojen içerenler, şişen sistemler, fosfor esaslılar, metal hidroksitler, nano malzemeler ve silikon içerenler olarak gruplandırılmıştır. Bu çalışmada “güç tutuşurluk” ve “alev geciktiricilik” terimleri İngilizce “flame retardancy” terimi ile eş anlamlı olarak kullanılmıştır.
Fosfor je važan biogeni element za sve poljoprivredne kulture, iako se potrebe za fosforom značajno razlikuju između pojedinih poljoprivrednih kultura. Fosfor je sastavni element adenozindifosfata ...(ADP) i adenozintrifosfata (ATP); spojeva koji su izvor energije za sve fiziološke procese u biljci. S druge strane, gnojidba fosforom je dosta problematična, zbog niza čimbenika koji smanjuju usvajanje fosfora. Stoga, je odnedavno, kemijska industrija gnojiva ponudila nove mogućnosti u problemu gnojidbe fosforom – gnojiva na bazi fosfita. Zbog niza pozitivnih učinaka u gnojidbi, gnojiva na bazi fosfita počinju se sve više koristiti za gnojidbu poljoprivrednih kultura, pa tako i lisnatog povrća, poput salate, blitve, špinata i drugog lisnatog povrća. Osim u folijarnoj gnojidbi, fosfiti se mogu koristiti u sustavima fertirigacije. U proizvodnji gnojiva fosfiti se mješaju sa ostalim elementima, poput kalija, magnezija, kalcija ili nekog mikroelementa, te se time dobivaju visoko koncentrirana gnojiva za upotrebu u poljoprivredi. Fosfiti su specifični spojevi koji osim na ishranu biljaka imaju i ostale pozitivne učinke u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji. Primjena fosfita efektivno povećava otpornost biljke na bolesti uvjetovane gljivicama te povećava otpornosti i na bakterijske bolesti salate. Kako je salata kultura koja se uzgaja vrlo intenzivno u vrlo uskom plodoredu, ova pozitivna svojstva gnojiva na bazi fosfita su vrlo važna.
An increasing number of wastewater treatment plants require post-treatment to remove residual nitrogen and phosphorus. This study investigated various harvesting regimes that would achieve consistent ...low effluent concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in a phototrophic biofilm reactor. Experiments were performed in a vertical biofilm reactor under continuous artificial lighting and employing artificial wastewater. Under similar conditions, experiments were performed in near-horizontal flow lanes with biofilms of variable thickness. It was possible to maintain low nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the effluent of the vertical biofilm reactor by regularly harvesting half of the biofilm. The average areal biomass production rate achieved a 7 g dry weight m⁻² day⁻¹ for all different harvesting frequencies tested (every 2, 4, or 7 days), corresponding to the different biofilm thicknesses. Apparently, the biomass productivity is similar for a wide range of biofilm thicknesses. The biofilm could not be maintained for more than 2 weeks as, after this period, it spontaneously detached from the carrier material. Contrary to the expectations, the biomass production doubled when the biofilm thickness was increased from 130 μm to 2 mm. This increased production was explained by the lower density and looser structure of the 2 mm biofilm. It was concluded that, concerning biomass production and labor requirement, the optimum harvesting frequency is once per week.
The study showed that the open water of the Bothnian Sea (BS) is likely to have shifted from altering nitrogen and phosphorous limitations of the spring bloom to more nitrogen-limited conditions ...during the last 20 years. This is affected by the by inflow of phosphate-rich and oxygen-depleted water from depths near the halocline in the northern Baltic Proper, where severe oxygen conditions currently cause extreme phosphate concentrations in the deep water. The change in relation between inorganic nitrogen and phosphorous in the BS occurs first in the deep water and then progresses to the surface water. The change can potentially cause increased production in the BS and more frequent cyanobacterial blooms. There does not appear to be any immediate concern in the short-term perspective for the state of the BS, but a progression of the processes may lead to a more eutrophic state of the BS.
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