At no other point in human history have the definitions of "woman" and "man," "male" and "female," "masculine" and "feminine," been more contentious than now. This book advances a pragmatic approach ...to the act of defining that acknowledges the important ethical dimensions of our definitional practices. Increased transgender rights and visibility has been met with increased opposition, controversy, and even violence. Who should have the power to define the meanings of sex and gender? What values and interests are advanced by competing definitions? Should an all-boys’ college or high school allow transgender boys to apply? Should transgender women be allowed to use the women’s bathroom? How has growing recognition of intersex conditions challenged our definitions of sex/gender? In this timely intervention, Edward Schiappa examines the key sites of debate including schools, bathrooms, the military, sports, prisons, and feminism, drawing attention to the political, practical, and ethical dimensions of the act of defining itself. This is an important text for students and scholars in gender studies, philosophy, communication, and sociology.
Drawing from a rich array of visual and literary material from nineteenth-century Iran, this groundbreaking book rereads and rewrites the history of Iranian modernity through the lens of gender and ...sexuality. Peeling away notions of a rigid pre-modern Islamic gender system, Afsaneh Najmabadi provides a compelling demonstration of the centrality of gender and sexuality to the shaping of modern culture and politics in Iran and of how changes in ideas about gender and sexuality affected conceptions of beauty, love, homeland, marriage, education, and citizenship. She concludes with a provocative discussion of Iranian feminism and its role in that country's current culture wars. In addition to providing an important new perspective on Iranian history, Najmabadi skillfully demonstrates how using gender as an analytic category can provide insight into structures of hierarchy and power and thus into the organization of politics and social life.
As a broad category of identity, "transgender" has given life to a
vibrant field of academic research since the 1990s. Yet the Western
origins of the field have tended to limit its cross-cultural ...scope.
Howard Chiang proposes a new paradigm for doing transgender history
in which geopolitics assumes central importance. Defined as the
antidote to transphobia, transtopia challenges a minoritarian view
of transgender experience and makes room for the variability of
transness on a historical continuum. Against the backdrop of the
Sinophone Pacific, Chiang argues that the concept of transgender
identity must be rethought beyond a purely Western frame. At the
same time, he challenges China-centrism in the study of East Asian
gender and sexual configurations. Chiang brings Sinophone studies
to bear on trans theory to deconstruct the ways in which sexual
normativity and Chinese imperialism have been produced through one
another. Grounded in an eclectic range of sources-from the archives
of sexology to press reports of intersexuality, films about
castration, and records of social activism-this book reorients
anti-transphobic inquiry at the crossroads of area studies, medical
humanities, and queer theory. Timely and provocative,
Transtopia in the Sinophone Pacific highlights the urgency
of interdisciplinary knowledge in debates over the promise and
future of human diversity.
In this collection of lively essays, Cynthia Enloe makes better sense of globalization and international politics by taking a deep and personal look into the daily realities in a range of women's ...lives. She proposes a distinctively feminist curiosity that begins with taking women seriously, especially during this era of unprecedented American influence. This means listening carefully, digging deep, challenging assumptions, and welcoming surprises. Listening to women in Asian sneaker factories, Enloe reveals, enables us to bring down to earth the often abstract discussions of the global economy. Paying close attention to Iraqi women's organizing efforts under military occupation exposes the false global promises made by officials. Enloe also turns the beam of her inquiry inward. In a series of four candid interviews and a new set of autobiographical pieces, she reflects on the gradual development of her own feminist curiosity. Describing her wartime suburban girlhood and her years at Berkeley, she maps the everyday obstacles placed on the path to feminist consciousness-and suggests how those obstacles can be identified and overcome.The Curious Feministshows how taking women seriously also challenges the common assumption that masculinities are trivial factors in today's international affairs. Enloe explores the workings of masculinity inside organizations as diverse as the American military, a Serbian militia, the UN, and Oxfam. A feminist curiosity finds all women worth thinking about, Enloe claims. She suggests that we pay thoughtful attention to women who appear complicit in violence or in the oppression of others, or too cozily wrapped up in their relative privilege to inspire praise or compassion. Enloe's vitality, passion, and incisive wit illuminate each essay.The Curious Feministis an original and timely invitation to look at global politics in an entirely different way.
The gender wage gap Blau, Francine D; Kahn, Lawrence M
Journal of economic literature,
09/2017, Letnik:
55, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Using Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) microdata over the 1980–2010 period, we provide new empirical evidence on the extent of and trends in the gender wage gap, which declined considerably ...during this time. By 2010, conventional human capital variables taken together explained little of the gender wage gap, while gender differences in occupation and industry continued to be important. Moreover, the gender pay gap declined much more slowly at the top of the wage distribution than at the middle or bottom and by 2010 was noticeably higher at the top. We then survey the literature to identify what has been learned about the explanations for the gap. We conclude that many of the traditional explanations continue to have salience. Although human-capital factors are now relatively unimportant in the aggregate, women's work force interruptions and shorter hours remain significant in high-skilled occupations, possibly due to compensating differentials. Gender differences in occupations and industries, as well as differences in gender roles and the gender division of labor remain important, and research based on experimental evidence strongly suggests that discrimination cannot be discounted. Psychological attributes or noncognitive skills comprise one of the newer explanations for gender differences in outcomes. Our effort to assess the quantitative evidence on the importance of these factors suggests that they account for a small to moderate portion of the gender pay gap, considerably smaller than, say, occupation and industry effects, though they appear to modestly contribute to these differences.
Beyond Trans Davis, Heath Fogg
06/2017, Letnik:
2
eBook
Goes beyond transgender to question the need for gender classification.Beyond Transpushes the conversation on gender identity to its limits: questioning the need for gender categories in the first ...place. Whether on birth certificates or college admissions applications or on bathroom doors, why do we need to mark people and places with sex categories? Do they serve a real purpose or are these places and forms just mechanisms of exclusion? Heath Fogg Davis offers an impassioned call to rethink the usefulness of dividing the world into not just Male and Female categories but even additional categories of Transgender and gender fluid. Davis, himself a transgender man, explores the underlying gender-enforcing policies and customs in American life that have led to transgender bathroom bills, college admissions controversies, and more, arguing that it is necessary for our society to take real steps to challenge the assumption that gender matters.He examines four areas where we need to re-think our sex-classification systems: sex-marked identity documents such as birth certificates, driver's licenses and passports; sex-segregated public restrooms; single-sex colleges; and sex-segregated sports. Speaking from his own experience and drawing upon major cases of sex discrimination in the news and in the courts, Davis presents a persuasive case for challenging how individuals are classified according to sex and offers concrete recommendations for alleviating sex identity discrimination and sex-based disadvantage.For anyone in search of pragmatic ways to make our world more inclusive, Davis' recommendations provide much-needed practical guidance about how to work through this complex issue. A provocative call to action,Beyond Transpushes us to think how we can work to make America truly inclusive of all people.
For practitioners working with issues surrounding gender identity, this book provides the additional tools and insights needed to help them build a therapeutic relationship with their client. ...Including case studies, interactive exercises and suggested reading lists, it forms a practical toolbox that any counsellor of gender issues can utilise.
Gender incongruence (GI) is defined as a condition in which the gender identity of a person does not align with the gender assigned at birth. Awareness and more social acceptance have paved the way ...for early medical intervention about two decades ago and are now part of good clinical practice although much robust data is lacking. Medical and mental treatment in adolescents with GI is complex and is recommended to take place within a team of mental health professionals, psychiatrists, endocrinologists, and other healthcare providers. The somatic treatment generally consists of the use of GnRH analogues to prevent the progression of biological puberty and subsequently gender-affirming hormonal treatment to develop sex characteristics of the self-identified gender and surgical procedures. However to optimize treatment regimens, long-term follow-up and additional studies are still needed.
What is known
• The prevalence of gender dysphoria increased significantly in the past years and can lead to significant complaints and burdens especially during puberty.
• Pubertal suppression and gender-affirmed treatment can be effectively used in adolescence with gender dysphoria.
What is new
• Transgender mental and medical healthcare is a long-lasting process during which not only the child/adolescent with GI but also their parents/family have to be counseled in making choices about their social, medical, and legal transitions.
• There are an increasing number of transgender persons defining as nonbinary. Therefore, an individualized approach by an experienced team is necessary.
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