‘Advanced Glasses, Composites and Ceramics for High-Growth Industries’ (CoACH) was a European Training Network (ETN) project (http://www.coach-etn.eu/) funded by the Horizon 2020 program. CoACH ...involved multiple actors in the innovation ecosystem for advanced materials, composed of five universities and ten enterprises in seven different European countries. The project studied the next generation of materials that could bring innovation in the healthcare, construction, and energy sectors, among others, from new bioactive glasses for bone implants to eco-friendly cements and new environmentally friendly thermoelectrics for energy conversion. The novel materials developed in the CoACH project pave the way for innovative products, improved cost competitiveness, and positive environmental impact. The present Special Issue contains 14 papers resulting from the CoACH project, showcasing the breadth of materials and processes developed during the project.
Fiberglass and Glass Technology: Energy-Friendly Compositions and Applications provides a detailed overview of fiber, float and container glass technology with special emphasis on energy- and ...environmentally-friendly compositions, applications and manufacturing practices which have recently become available and continue to emerge. Energy-friendly compositions are variants of incumbent fiberglass and glass compositions that are obtained by the reformulation of incumbent compositions to reduce the viscosity and thereby the energy demand. Environmentally-friendly compositions are variants of incumbent fiber, float and container glass compositions that are obtained by the reformulation of incumbent compositions to reduce environmentally harmful emissions from their melts. Energy- and environmentally-friendly compositions are expected to become a key factor in the future for the fiberglass and glass industries. This book consists of two complementary sections: continuous glass fiber technology and soda-lime-silica glass technology. Important topics covered include: o Commercial and experimental compositions and products o Design of energy- and environmentally-friendly compositions o Emerging glass melting technologies including plasma melting o Fiberglass composite design and engineering o Emerging fiberglass applications and markets Fiberglass and Glass Technology: Energy-Friendly Compositions and Applications is written for researchers and engineers seeking a modern understanding of glass technology and the development of future products that are more energy- and environmentally-friendly than current products. TOC:Commercial and Experimental Glass Fibers.- Composite Design and Engineering.- Glass Fibers for Printed Circuit Boards.- High Strength Glass Fibers and Markets.- Composition of Commercial Glasses.- Design of Energy Friendly Compositions.- Basics of Melting and Glass Formation.- Thermodynamics of Glass Melting.- Glass Melt Stability.- Plasma Melt Technology and Applications.
We have synthesized pure TeO2 glass and glasses in the systems xZnO−(1−x)TeO2 (0≤x≤0.50) and yAl2O3−(1−y)TeO2 (0≤y≤0.03) by melting in Pt crucibles, and measured their glass transition temperature ...(Tg), density (ρ) and Raman spectra to correlate glass properties with structure. For pure TeO2 glass, synthesized using our newly developed intermittent quenching technique, we find onset- and midpoint-Tg at 301.1 and 306.7°C and ρ=5.62g/cm3, in clear disagreement with TeO2 glass melted in alumina crucible for which we find Tg≈380°C and ρ=4.86g/cm3. This latter method, used frequently in the literature, was shown by Raman spectroscopy to introduce Al2O3 in the tellurite matrix which becomes cross-linked by Te-O-Al bridges, resulting in the increase of Tg and decrease of ρ. Raman spectroscopy showed also that doping TeO2 with ZnO or Al2O3 causes the progressive conversion of TeO4 trigonal bipyramids to TeO3+1 polyhedra with two terminal oxygens, and then to TeO3 trigonal pyramids with three terminal oxygens. This structural transformation is reflected in the composition dependence of the volume per mole TeO2 evaluated from density data. The ZnO-dependence of this parameter is described by two linear parts with an inflection point at x=0.25, which indicates an increasing rate of forming terminal TeO bonds at higher ZnO contents. The Tg was found to increase with ZnO and Al2O3 contents and this was attributed to the glass-forming ability of both oxides, while density was found to decrease due mainly to replacement of the heavier TeO2 by the lighter ZnO and Al2O3. The results of this study are discussed with reference to previous works on TeO2 and zinc-tellurite glasses.
•Pure TeO2 glass was made by a newly developed intermittent quenching technique.•Tg and density values were determined for the pure TeO2 glass.•Zinc-tellurite and alumina-tellurite glasses were made by melting in Pt crucibles.•Tg increases and density decreases as ZnO or Al2O3 is added to the TeO2 matrix.•The tellurite structure of the studied glasses was probed by Raman spectroscopy.
As a new kind of energy‐saving glass, vacuum glazing has excellent thermal and sound insulation properties and is widely used in building, household appliances and solar photovoltaic. The edge ...sealing material, along with sealing method, is key to the fabrication of vacuum glazing. Low transition temperature (Tg) and good fluidity at sealing temperature (Ts) make low‐melting glass of V2O5–TeO2–Bi2O3 (VTB) system perfect to be the edge sealing material for vacuum glazing. The glass forming region of VTB ternary system was mapped for the first time in this work. Low‐melting VTB glass of 40V2O5–50TeO2–5Bi2O3–3ZnO–2Na2O (wt%) was optimized to be the sealing material. Glass powder of this composition could be used to seal the edges of vacuum glazing at an extremely low temperature of 360°C. With the assistance of anodic‐bonding method, the bonding strength of vacuum glazing was dramatically enhanced. Vacuum glazing fabricated under the optimized process parameters of 420°C, 600 V, and 60 min possesses a highest bonding strength of 4.31 MPa. Furthermore, anodic‐bonding mechanism of low‐melting VTB glass applied in vacuum glazing sealing has been thoroughly researched.
Silicon oxycarbides can be considered as being carbon‐containing silicates consisting of glass networks in which oxygen and carbon share bonds with silicon. The carbon‐for‐oxygen substitution in ...silicate glass networks has been shown to induce significant changes in the network connectivity and consequently strong improvements in the properties of the silicate glass network. For instance, SiOC glasses exhibit Young's moduli, hardness values, glass transition, and crystallization temperatures which are superior to those of vitreous silica. Moreover, the silicon oxycarbide glass network exhibits unique structural features such as reduced mass fractal dimension and nano‐heterogeneity, which significantly affect and/or dictate its properties and behavior. In the present Review, a consideration of the current state of the art concerning the synthesis, processing, and various structural and functional properties of silicon‐oxycarbide‐based glasses and glass‐ceramics is done. Thus, the synthesis of silicon oxycarbides starting from macromolecular precursors such as polysiloxanes or alkoxysilanes‐based sol‐gel systems as well as current advances related to their processing will be critically reviewed. In addition, various structural and functional properties of silicon oxycarbides are presented. Specific emphasis will be put on the intimate correlation between the molecular architecture of the precursors and the structural features and properties of the resulting silicon oxycarbides.
In the present Review, a consideration of the current state of the art concerning the synthesis, processing as well as various structural and functional properties of silicon‐oxycarbide‐based materials is done.
Oxygen 1s XPS spectra of a Pb-silicate glass containing 76.6 mol% PbO provide the first accurate, direct measurement of free oxide ion (O2-) in these glasses. O2- constitutes 35 (±3) mol% of total ...oxygen, with NBO and BO constituting, respectively, 52 (±3) and 13 (±3) mol%. All 29Si NMR and O 1s XPS results for Pb-silicate glasses indicate mol% levels of O2- containing more than ∼30 mol% PbO. The O2- abundances are consistent with equilibrium thermodynamic considerations where K∼12 for the mass action equation involving NBO, BO, and O2-. Raman and 17O NMR spectra of two CaMg-silicate glasses indicate ∼10 (±4) mol% O2- in CaMgSiO4 glass and ∼18 (±4) mol% O2- in a Ca0.36Mg0.36Si0.28O1.28 glass. Oxygen species abundances are calculated using experimental results from 13 separate 29Si NMR, 17O NMR, and Raman measurements of Mg-, Ca-, and CaMg-silicate glasses. All reveal mol% levels of O2- with ∼1 to 2.6 mol% in metasilicate glass and ∼5 to 10 mol% in orthosilicate glass. Recent Raman experimental results also indicate O2- in CaMg-silicate glasses at levels ranging from about 1 to 10 mol%. In all there are 23 separate 29Si NMR, 17O NMR, and Raman measurements indicating mol% levels of O2- in alkaline earth silicate glasses. Eight recent MD simulations of Mg, Ca, and CaMg-silicate glasses include 21 separate simulations over a wide compositional range. All indicate mol% levels of O2- in the glasses demonstrating that the MD simulations and experimental results on these systems are in accord. There are two fundamentally important implications of these studies. First, free oxygen (O2-) is an essential constituent of Pb, Mg, Ca, and CaMg binary silicate melts and glasses. It is not an "accidental" product associated with glass or melt defects. It is instead, a thermodynamically important constituent of these binary melts (and glasses). Second, where melts are equilibrated, the mass action equation relating BO, NBO, and O2- must hold across the entire Ca, Mg, CaMg, and Pb binary systems, thereby requiring the activities and mole fractions of all three species to be defined and finite in the melts. Free oxygen, however, may be too low to be detected in highly siliceous glasses using conventional spectroscopic techniques.
Ancient glass beads as a window to the ancient world Glass beads, both beautiful and portable, have been produced and traded globally for thousands of years. Modern archaeologists study these ...artifacts through sophisticated methods that analyze the glass composition, a process which can be utilized to trace bead usage through time and across regions. This book publishes open-access compositional data obtained from laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry, from a single analytical laboratory, providing a uniquely comparative data set. The geographic range includes studies of beads produced in Europe and traded widely across North America and beads from South and Southeast Asia traded around the Indian Ocean and beyond. The contributors provide new insight on the timing of interregional interactions, technologies of bead production and patterns of trade and exchange, using glass beads as a window to the past. This volume will be a key reference for glass researchers, archaeologists, and any scholars interested in material culture and exchange; it provides a wide range of case studies in the investigation and interpretation of glass bead composition, production and exchange since ancient times. Contributors: Bernard Gratuze (Institut de Recherche sur les ArchéoMATériaux, Centre Ernest-Babelon, UMR 5060 CNRS/Université d'Orléans), Alicia L. Hawkins (University of Toronto Mississauga), Elliot H. Blair (University of Alabama), Jessica Dalton-Carriger (Roane State Community College), Lee M. Panich (Santa Clara University), Thomas R. Fenn (The University of Oklahoma), Alison K. Carter (University of Oregon), Jennifer Craig (McGill University), Mark Aldenderfer (University of California, Merced), Mudit Trivedi (Stanford University), Lindsey Trombetta (The University of Texas at Austin), Jonathan R. Walz (The Field Museum / SIT-Graduate Institute), Akshay Sarathi (Florida Atlantic University), Carla Klehm (University of Arkansas), Marilee Wood (University of the Witwatersrand), Katherine A. Larson (Corning Museum of Glass), Heather Walder (The Field Museum / University of Wisconsin – La Crosse), Laure Dussubieux (The Field Museum) Supplementary Material 'The Elemental Analysis of Glass Beads' Ebook available in Open Access. This publication is GPRC-labeled (Guaranteed Peer-Reviewed Content).
The production of glass was one of the high technologies of the early modern period. At a heat of around 1500 degrees, mixtures of sand, lime and vegetable, wood or potash were transformed into ...greenish, crystal-clear or colorful marvels in the glassworks of Europe. Its aesthetic and material properties-transparency, workability, and durability-made glass a coveted material that was still the preserve of the elite in the 16th century and did not become an affordable mass product until the second half of the 18th century. The volume Glass in the Early Modern Period pursues an interdisciplinary approach. It takes its starting point in the conditions of glass production in early modern glassworks, the high consumption of resources, and the resulting social conflicts. The volume focuses on the various historical forms of use, glass as an object of collection, and its allegorical meaning in painting. At the same time, the volume deals with the analysis and preservation of glass objects from a scientific and conservation perspective and with the presentation of baroque glass from a museum perspective. In all of this, a close connection to the court culture of the European nobility is apparent, who acted as pioneers, patrons and, not least, buyers, users and collectors of the glass objects. In this way, many of the luxury objects have been preserved to this day.
Die Herstellung von Glas gehörte zu den Hochtechnologien der Frühen Neuzeit. Bei ca. 1500 Grad Hitze verwandelten sich in den Glashütten Europas Gemenge aus Sand, Kalk und Pflanzen-, Holz- oder Pottasche zu grünlichen, kristallklaren oder bunten Wunderwerken. Seine ästhetischen und materiellen Eigenschaften – Transparenz, Bearbeitbarkeit und Dauerhaftigkeit – machten Glas zu einem begehrten Material, das im 16. Jahrhundert noch den Eliten vorbehalten war und erst in der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts zum erschwinglichen Massenprodukt wurde. Der Band Glas in der Frühen Neuzeit verfolgt einen interdisziplinären Zugang. Er nimmt seinen Ausgang bei den Bedingungen der Glasproduktion in den frühneuzeitlichen Glashütten, dem hohen Ressourcenverbrauch und den daraus entstehenden sozialen Konflikten. Im Zentrum des Bandes stehen die verschiedenen historischen Nutzungsformen, Glas als Sammlungsgegenstand sowie dessen allegorische Bedeutung in der Malerei. Zugleich befasst sich der Band aus naturwissenschaftlicher und konservatorischer Perspektive mit der Analyse und Bewahrung der Glasobjekte und aus musealer Sichtweise mit der Präsentation von barockem Glas. Bei allem zeigt sich eine enge Verbindung zur Hofkultur des europäischen Adels, der als Wegbereiter, Förderer und nicht zuletzt Käufer, Nutzer und Sammler der Glasobjekte auftrat. Auf diesem Weg sind viele der Luxusobjekte bis heute erhalten geblieben.
Chalcogenide glasses are defined as a new category of non-crystalline solids on the basis of their characteristic covalent bonds and unique properties, such as broad infrared transmission window, low ...maximum phonon energy, high optical nonlinearity, semiconductivity, and photosensitivity. Inspired by the great successes that have been achieved in the development of oxide glass-ceramics, functionalized chalcogenide glass-ceramics have received intensive research attention. Moreover, the inherent properties of chalcogenide glasses have been explored and modified through controlled crystallization, to generate novel and unique features. This review aims to present a critical overview of the current state of the art in the controllable fabrication of functionalized chalcogenide giass-ceramics. The first section provides a brief introduction to chalcogenide glasses and glass-ceramics. The succeeding sections detail the fabrication strategies of chalcogenide glass-ceramics with various functions through different precipitated crystals and microstruc-tures. This review provides a discussion of the mechanism that underlie the resultant properties of chalcogenide glass-ceramics. Furthermore, the crystallization mechanisms of chalcogenide glasses are discussed through the comparison of molecular-scale and nanos-cale phase separation assisted crystallization mechanisms in oxide and oxyfluoride glasses. Finally, the remain section presents the key questions that remain unanswered, as well as provide perspectives on the future research trends.
