This study examines the spatiotemporal background of golf course construction disputes in Taiwan and identifies the factors that have affected the policies regulating golf course construction. Our ...analysis covers three main periods: the one-party dictatorship (1981-1990), the period of continuous controversy (1991-1996), and the period of missed opportunities (1997-2022). Herein, we review official government documents to construct an analytical framework based on three indicator streams, namely, problem, politics, and policy, as proposed by Kingdon (1984). The conclusions are as follows: (1) These three streams developed independently between 1981 and 1990. (2) From 1991 to 1996, political decisions were influenced by emerging problems, and policy options were not yet open. (3) From 1997 to 2022, there was frequent interaction among the three streams; however, when the policy window opened, the issue of golf course siting was ignored because other social issues had emerged, and golf courses were eventually excluded from the agenda. We also found that the factors influencing policy change are nongovernmental organisations, political parties, and stakeholders and that the ruling party plays an especially key role.
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•Water, energy, fertilizer, and pesticide BMP uptake was measured on 96 golf courses.•Water, energy, fertilizer, and pesticide use efficiency was also quantified.•Only 1 of 34 BMPs ...increased resource use efficiency as intended.•33 of 34 BMPs either had no effect or decreased resource use efficiency.•Uptake of resource efficiency BMPs did not increase actual resource use efficiency.
The US golf industry, especially the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America (GCSAA) and the United States Golf Association (USGA), have relied heavily on the concept of best management practices (BMPs) to advance environmental sustainability initiatives. However, few previous studies test whether BMP uptake by golf course superintendents actually leads to improved environmental outcomes. This study tested whether resource efficiency BMPs led to more efficient resource use on golf courses in four resource use categories: water, energy, fertilizer, and pesticide. Information on BMP uptake and resource use was collected via a survey from 96 golf courses across five regions of the US (Midwest, Northeast, East Texas, Florida, and Northwest) and three regions in Europe (Denmark, Norway, UK). Resource use efficiency on each golf course was estimated considering relevant factors specific to the resource (e.g., climate, soil type, and grass type). Uptake of individual BMPs was measured on a five-point scale (never, rarely, sometimes, often, always) and the adoption intensity (i.e. bulk uptake) of all BMPs in a given resource use category was quantified using a combination of principle component analysis and data envelope analysis. Analysis of the effect of individual resource efficiency BMPs on resource use efficiency found that uptake of only one of 34 BMPs correlated to more efficient resource use. Avoiding fertilizing roughs was correlated with more efficient N use. Surprisingly, uptake of three BMPs correlated with lower resource use efficiency and the remaining 30 BMPs had no effect on resource use. No significant correlations were found between water, energy, fertilizer, and pesticide use efficiency and the adoption intensity of BMPs in each respective resource use category. As such, self-reported BMP uptake was not indicative of improved environmental performance, an important consideration for future environmental initiatives in the golf industry.
Providing equitable access to greenspace requires innovative strategies in urban areas where land is scarce and expensive. One potential solution is to make golf courses, which are often exclusive ...and require daily or annual membership fees, more accessible to the general public. The impact of urban golf courses on greenspace access has yet to be investigated systematically, however. Here we quantify (1) the number and area of golf courses within all major urban areas in the conterminous United States, and (2) the number and demographics of people that would benefit from better access to them. We identify 6,962 urban golf courses that cover 3,102 km
2
urban land, equivalent to ∼29 percent of all urban greenspace. We find that 3.4 percent of the U.S. urban population (equivalent to nearly 6 million people) live less than 1 km from a golf course but more than 1 km from public greenspace. Policies that make golf courses more available to the general public would substantially improve greenspace access, and associated health benefits, for millions of Americans. In most cities, however, it is wealthy, White neighborhoods that would benefit most from better access to golf courses, not the lower socioeconomic, ethno-racial minority communities that are most lacking in greenspace access. Making golf courses more accessible to the general public should therefore be considered just one component of a more diverse set of strategies to improve access to greenspace in U.S. cities.
The purpose of this study was to understand customer behavior among Korean golf travelers based on the choice attributes of golf courses in Southeast Asia. This study was based on Creswell and ...Clark’s triangulation design, a mixed-methods research framework that compares the results of quantitative and qualitative investigations. The results of the quantitative study were as follows. ‘H1. Golf course choice attributes will have a positive effect on customer satisfaction’ was partially accepted. Among choice attributes, course management, price, operations management, and lodgings had an effect on customer satisfaction. ‘H2. Customer satisfaction will have a positive effect on intention to revisit’ was accepted. ‘H3. Customer satisfaction will have a mediation effect on the relationship between intention to revisit, and golf course choice attributes’ was partially accepted. Among choice attributes, customer satisfaction only showed a mediating effect in the relationship of intention to revisit with course management and price. The novelty of this study is that we performed mixed-methods research, which has not been carried out in previous studies. Furthermore, we conducted in-depth interviews only with golfers who visited courses in South Asia, selected based on their duration and purpose of the visit. The results of the qualitative study were compared with those of the quantitative study to provide empirical evidence that can be used to help domestic golf travel industry and golf courses in Southeast Asia.
Environmental catastrophes, perpetuated by the unsustainable and unrestricted consumption of resources, are becoming increasingly apparent. Although elite practices often account for a ...disproportionate amount of resource usage, wealthy ways of life remain unchallenged while the non-elite continuously adapt to ecological crises. The cases of celebrity lawn-watering and golf course maintenance in drought-prone California represent the larger issue of elite practices that effectively oppose healthy change. These elite landscapes have become thoroughly ingrained in American culture, and dismantling their constructed necessity requires scepticism of information produced by those within dominant social orders. This paper will highlight the negative impacts of elite ecological practices while asserting that new ways of living, such as wild gardening and the repurposing of golf course land, should be embraced and empowered. Unnatural landscape aesthetics must be devalued to adapt to environmental changes, and to accomplish this feat, a cultural shift is crucial.
The validation of a sensitive and reliable analytical procedure for the determination of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in solid environmental samples is reported in this study. ...Initially, two types of derivatization were used for the identification of the 13 target PPCP standards (acylation and silylation), but silylation proved to be better in sensitivity as it detected all of the analytes under investigation. Samples were extracted using an ultrasonicator, concentrated and re-dissolved in 100 mL water, then cleaned-up using C18 cartridges before silylation that preceded the Gas chromatography-mass Spectrometry detector (GC-MS) analyses. The optimized method provided a linear response over the range of 10-400 ng·g
with r
> 0.992 and satisfactory recoveries (>45.6%) for the 13 compounds of interest. In this study, the variation of the sonication temperature, type of organic solvent for extraction, and types of cartridge were used to optimize the extraction procedure. A good repeatability (within day) and reproducibility (between days) with a relative standard deviation (RSD) that was equal or less than 13% for all the PPCPs were achieved with the developed extraction procedures for the irrigated soil and sewage sludge samples. The limits of detection (LODs) of the tested compounds varied from 0.1 ng·g
(aspirin) to 1.4 ng·g
(doxycycline) and from 0.1 ng·g
(codiene) to 1.7 ng·g
(doxycycline) for soils and sewage sludge samples, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the sludge of wastewater treatment plants and soils of an irrigated golf course. Among the tested emerging pollutants, paracetamol showed the highest concentration value of 98.9 ng·g
in the sludge, and for the irrigated soil (0 to 10 cm), the concentration ranged from 1.16 ng·g
(aspirin) to 8.57 ng·g
(ibuprofen).
Barley root-knot nematode,
, is one of the most important pest nematodes infecting monocots (
). Two-inch core soil samples collected from a golf course in Ada County, Idaho were submitted for ...identification in November of 2019. A high number of
sp. juveniles were recovered from both soil samples using sieving and decantation followed by the sugar centrifugal flotation method. They were examined by light microscopy, morphometric measurements, and multiple molecular markers, including the ribosomal 28S D2–D3 and intergenic spacer 2 (IGS-2) regions, mitochondrial markers cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and the interval from COII to 16S, and the protein-coding gene Hsp90. Morphometrics as well as BlastN comparisons with other root-knot nematode sequences from GenBank were consistent with identification as
. Phylogenetic trees inferred from 28S, IGS-2, COI, or Hsp90 alignments each separated the Idaho population into a strongly supported clade with other populations of
, while the COII-16S interval could not resolve
from
. This report represents the first morphological and molecular characterization of
from turfgrass in Idaho.
Habitat loss from urbanization and agricultural intensification is reducing native bee and monarch butterfly populations, but golf courses in urban areas present an opportunity to mitigate the ...negative effects of urbanization on pollinators and the environment. It is feasible to enhance a golf course’s ability to support more species and a greater abundance of wildlife by planting the 40% to 70% of acreage not used for the game of golf in wildflowers. With the most golf courses of any US state, Florida is poised to set the stage for golf course environmental stewardship. This 8-page fact sheet written by Rebecca Nestle, Grace Cope, Nicole Benda, and Adam G. Dale and published by the UF/IFAS Entomology and Nematology Department is intended to provide guidelines for Florida golf course superintendents to aid in their efforts to conserve important wildlife while reducing maintenance inputs and associated costs. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1316
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