ON THE ORIGIN OF SOME DEICTIC WORDS, INTENSIFYING WORDS AND ADVERBSSummaryThe systematic investigation of the subject in question makes it possible to draw the following conclusions:1. The deictic ...words ve, va, vei resp. ave, ava are not reiic forms of the mystic pronouns *vas resp. *avas. In Lithuanian dialects the words ve and vei are reduced from the imperative veiz(d)ėk or veiz(d)i of the verb veiz(d)ėti “to look”, in Latvian vei is reduced from the imperative *vei(z)di resp. ve from veries (cf. vērties “to look”). The variant va has originated from ve in unstressed position. The deictic words ava, ave derive from the interjection a expressing astonishment combined with the words va or ve. The final component -skat of the form anskat “over there” (resp. taskat “there”, šiskat “here”), which is used in East Prussian Lithuanian written records, is a survival of the reduced imperative skatyk of the former verb skatyti(s) “to look”, i. e. an(a) “over there” + skat “look”, cf. anavè ← ana “over there” + vè “look” Geistarai, etc.2. The initial components ko, ka of the intensifying words kono, kапа are not particles originally, they are genitives of the pronoun kas “who”. The final components -no and -na should be interpreted as an adaptation of the Slavonic nai, cf. Russ. наихудший, Pol. najliepszy to the Lithuanian forms kо and ka. The component ka is reduced from *kā in unstressed position.3. The components ko resp. to of the adverbs kõtik, konè, niẽko, nekõ as well as the conjunction dėltõ are not particles originally, they are genitives of the pronouns kas and tas.
U ovome radu opisuje se sistemska funkcionalna gramatika (SFG) (Halliday 1985, 1994, Halliday i Matthiessen 2004, Fawcett 2010) kao jedna od temeljnih tradicijskih funkcionalnih gramatika. Uz kratki ...uvod o formalnim i funkcionalnim pristupima opisu jezika, u radu se opisuju nastanak i razvoj sistemske funkcionalne gramatike, njezina dva temeljna modela (sydneyski i cardiffski) te se pojašnjavaju najvažniji pojmovi kao što su leksikogramatika, metafunkcije, izbor i položaj. Nadalje, razmatra se položaj SFG-a u odnosu na ostale tradicijske funkcionalne teorije kao što su funkcionalna gramatika (Dik 1989, 1991), gramatika uloga i referenci (Foley i Van Valin 1984, Van Valin i LaPolla 1997), funkcionalizam Zapadne obale (Givón 1995, 2001, Hopper 1987, 1992 Hopper i Thompson 1984) te u odnosu na kognitivnolingvističke pristupe (tj. netradicijski funkcionalizam) posebno konstrukcijsku gramatiku (Lakoff 1987, Fillmore i Kay 1993, Kay i Fillmore 1999, Goldberg 2006, Michaelis i Lambrecht 1996, Croft 2001) u nastojanju da se pokažu prednosti ovoga teorijskog okvira.
This paper aims to commemorate, on the seven hundredth anniversary of the birth of Emperor Charles IV, significant milestones in the history of Czech language, to point toward the usage of Czech in ...the present day and to recognize the yet underutilized possibilities of onomasiological description of the spoken system of Czech as it relates to non-native speakers. This work would contribute to more effective teaching of Czech as a foreign language, especially for non-Slavic speakers. This paper is focused on (a) the presentation of significant language rules related to Czech and the role of Czech in communication (reminiscent of the Golden Bull of Charles IV, which established Czech as one of the official languages in the Holy Roman Empire). Next the paper examines (b) types of grammatical description (the synchronic and diachronic approach, as well as comparative, descriptive, prescriptive, or semasiological grammar) with emphasis on both general and specific qualities of pedagogical grammar (reduction and simplification of curriculum, the cyclical nature of grammatical interpretation, efforts toward understandability and learnability, application of curriculum, and pragmatism). Attention is then dedicated to (c) problematic explanations of Czech grammar in textbooks of Czech for foreigners (formalism, disproportionate attention to morphology and syntax, and similar issues). The paper concludes by considering (d) the advantages and possibilities of onomasiological description of the grammatical system of Czech, beginning with what languages have in common (the semantic dimension) and ending with how they differ (formal representation of meaning and the functions of communication). Onomasiology allows for the introduction of competing ways to express grammatical categories (varied frequency, stylistic connotation, among others). This method contributes to the effective interpretation of grammatical categories that do not have a parallel between the source and target languages. In regard to the methodology of this text, the analysis of scientific literature and textbook material is used, and the benefit of the onomasiological approach is hypothesized.
The use of grammatical features in academic discourse in college contains a relational value for a particular purpose. To assess the value of relational use of grammatical features, required ...analytical model is based on a critical paradigm, namely critical discourse analysis. Model of critical discourse analysis that is used is model analysis Fairclough that combines text analysis, discourse practice and socio-cultural practices. Realm of discourse that researched is the academic discourse i.e the research proposal seminar in college. Relational value represent dimension of 'social relations' in academic discourse. The results showed that the relational value using by 5 features of grammar, namely (1) declarative sentence, (2) interrogative sentences, (3) imperative sentence, (4) modalities of relational, and (5) personal pronouns for the purpose of ideological and domination. The use of grammatical features of ideological and repressive conducted by moderator, keynote address, main comparators and general comparator. Penggunaan fitur gramatika dalam wacana akademik di perguruan tinggi mengandung nilai relasional untuk tujuan tertentu. Untuk mengkaji nilai relasional pada penggunaan fitur gramatika, diperlukan model analisis yang didasarkan pada paradigma kritis, yaitu analisis wacana kritis. Model analisis wacana kritis yang digunakan adalah model Fairclough yang menggabungkan analisis teks, praktik kewacanaan, dan praktik sosiokultural. Ranah wacana yang diteliti adalah wacana akademik, yakni seminar proposal penelitian di perguruan tinggi. Nilai relasional merepresentasi dimensi ‘hubungan sosial’ dalam wacana akademik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai relasional dilakukan dengan menggunakan 5 fitur gramatika, yakni (1) kalimat deklaratif, (2) kalimat interogatif, (3) kalimat imperatif, (4) modalitas relasional, dan (5) pronomina persona untuk tujuan secara ideologis dan dominasi. Penggunaan fitur gramatika secara ideologis dan represif tersebut dilakukan oleh moderator, pemrasaran, pembanding utama dan pembanding umum.
This book can be read on two levels: as a novel empirical study of wh- interrogatives and relative constructions in a variety of languages and as a theoretical investigation of chain formation in ...grammar.;The book is divided into two parts. Part I investigates the distribution and interpretation of multiple wh- interrogative constructions, focusing on the workings of Superiority. Part II investigates the structure and derivation of relative constructions. The main languages discussed are Lebanese, Arabic, Chinese, and English. The theoretical materials are in the generative grammar tradition.
Word order is one of the major properties on which languages are compared and its study is fundamental to linguistics. This comprehensive survey provides an up-to-date, critical overview of this ...widely debated topic, exploring and evaluating word order research carried out in four major theoretical frameworks – linguistic typology, generative grammar, optimality theory and processing-based theories. It is the first book to bring these theoretical approaches together in one place and is therefore a one-stop resource covering the current developments in word order research. It explains word order patterns in different languages and at different structural levels and critically evaluates (and where possible, compares) the theoretical assumptions and word order principles used in the different approaches. Also highlighted are issues and problems that require further investigation or remain unresolved. This book will be invaluable to those investigating word order, and researchers and students in syntax, linguistic theory and typology.
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