Donor–acceptor‐type conjugated polymers are a dominant class of active materials in the field of organic electronics. Their adjustable light‐harvesting, charge transfer, and charge transport ...characteristics are beneficially applied in organic photovoltaics, photodetectors, and thin‐film transistors. The conventional synthetic approach toward these push–pull polymers is based on Suzuki or Stille cross‐coupling of complementary functionalized (hetero)aromatic monomers. In an ideal world, this gives rise to a perfect alternation of the employed building blocks throughout the polymer backbone, and this alternation of electron‐rich (donor/push) and electron‐deficient (acceptor/pull) moieties leads to a substantial decrease of the bandgap. In recent years, however, it has become increasingly clear that the “real” structure of the resulting alternating copolymers is often quite different from the projected one. Structural imperfections can, for instance, result from homocoupling of two identical building blocks. Furthermore, the polymer end groups are also often not those as expected. In this progress report, an overview is provided for the recent literature observations of structural imperfections in push–pull conjugated polymers, the difficulties in observing them, and their impact on device performance. The strong effect of homocoupling on material and (organic solar cell) device quality and reproducibility is particularly emphasized.
The structure of push–pull‐type conjugated polymers—now very popular in the field of organic electronics—is often not as simple as projected. Structural imperfections in the polymer backbone (e.g., homocouplings) and different end groups may occur, which have a significant influence on the final device performance.
•Systematic study of acoustic approaches to speaker, gender and age-group identification from speech for children.•Analysis of the utility of frequency sub-bands for speaker, gender and age-group ...identification from children's speech.•Application of GMM-UBM, GMM-SVM and i-vectors to speaker, gender and age-group identification from children's speech.•Analysis of the effects of the onset of puberty in boys on automatic speaker, gender and age-group identification.
A speech signal contains important paralinguistic information, such as the identity, age, gender, language, accent, and the emotional state of the speaker. Automatic recognition of these types of information in adults’ speech has received considerable attention, however there has been little work on children’s speech. This paper focuses on speaker, gender, and age-group recognition from children’s speech. The performances of several classification methods are compared, including Gaussian Mixture Model–Universal Background Model (GMM–UBM), GMM–Support Vector Machine (GMM–SVM) and i-vector based approaches. For speaker recognition, error rate decreases as age increases, as one might expect. However for gender and age-group recognition the effect of age is more complex due mainly to consequences of the onset of puberty. Finally, the utility of different frequency bands for speaker, age-group and gender recognition from children’s speech is assessed.
•The program is based on two key stigma-related cognitions and self-stigma predictors•The program innovatively improved self-stigma and recovery in Severe Mental Illness•Program outcomes support ...assumptions from theoretical models about self-stigma
Internalized stigma reduces chances of clinical and subjective recovery in people with schizophrenia and other severe mental illness. To date, there is not enough evidence about an effective intervention to reduce internalized stigma that promotes clinical and subjective recovery in people with high internalized stigma and severe mental illness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a new psychological intervention named “Coping Internalized Stigma Program” (PAREI). An eight-session structured group-based integrative intervention was designed including psychoeducation, cognitive behavioural therapy, and mutual support. Fifty-four individuals with severe mental illness and a high level of internalized stigma were selected and randomly assigned to the PAREI intervention (n = 29) or to the control group (n = 25). The results of mixed ANOVAs revealed improvements in the PAREI group after treatment in the emotional dimension of internalized stigma, perceived legitimacy of discrimination, recovery expectations, and social functioning as compared to the control group. The results indicate that the PAREI represents a promising intervention tool to reduce internalized stigma, and to improve clinical and subjective recovery markers in people with severe mental illness and high internalized stigma.
The purpose of this study is to develop the General Group Identification Tendency (GGIT) scale that measures individual tendency to identify with ingroups regardless of the type of group and examine ...its reliability and validity. Results of questionnaire surveys that were conducted with university students showed sufficient internal consistency and validity, which was estimated in terms of the relationship with contextualism, degree of identification with the university, collective self-esteem, and allocentric tendency. These results indicated that the GGIT scale is valid.
Drawing on social identity theory, this study provides a model explaining the underlying process through which transformational leadership influences creative behavior and organizational citizenship ...behaviors. Individual differentiation and group identification are proposed as social identity mechanisms reflecting the characteristics of personal and collective identity orientations that underpin the differential effects of transformational leadership behaviors on performance outcomes. The model is tested with data from a sample of 250 front-line employees and their immediate managers working in five banks in the People's Republic of China. Results of hierarchical linear modeling provide support for the model whereby group-focused and individual-focused transformational leadership behaviors exert differential impacts on individual differentiation and group identification. Furthermore, individual differentiation mediates the relationship between individual-focused transformational leadership and creative behavior, whereas group identification mediates the relationships between group-focused transformational leadership and OCBs toward individuals and groups. Implications for theory and practice are discussed and future research directions are outlined.
Over the last decades, the concept of identity has become increasingly central in the social psychology of protest. Collective identity, politicized collective identity, dual identity, and multiple ...identities are concepts that help to understand and describe the social psychological dynamics of protest. In this article, I theorize about identity processes in the context of protest participation: how group identification establishes the link between social identity and collective identity, how multiple identities and dual identities influence protest participation, and how collective identity politicizes and radicalizes. I will illustrate my argument with results from research into collective action participation among farmers in the Netherlands and Spain, Turkish, and Moroccan immigrants in the Netherlands and New York, South African citizens, and participants in street demonstrations conducted by my research group at VU-University.
Drawing on social identity theory, we present an integrative framework that simultaneously examines the beneficial intragroup effects and detrimental intergroup effects of leader group ...prototypicality. We use multiphase, multisource, multilevel data to show that leader group prototypicality strengthens group members’ group identification, which, in turn, drives group members to achieve better group performance and to show less engagement in intergroup citizenship behavior. Moreover, relative leader power influences the strength of the relationship between leader group prototypicality and its positive and negative outcomes. Implications for the leadership literature and management practices are discussed.
Building on contemporary perspectives regarding the role that group identification can play in sustaining control motives, we propose that being a member of a stable organization—one experienced as ...predictable and consistent rather than changing and in flux—can maintain individuals' sense of control. Four studies test this prediction. We observe that higher social identification as an organizational member (as compared to lower identification) is associated with an increased generalized sense of personal efficacy in life specifically when one's organization is experienced as relatively stable (Study 1 and Study 2). Further, the perceived stability of one's organization moderates the extent to which those who recently experienced a threat to personal control—and are thereby motivated to reestablish feelings of control—seek increased social identification as an organizational member (Study 3 and Study 4). Results suggest that membership in a stable organization can provide a psychological buffer against threats to personal control encountered in daily life outside work. Contributions to understanding the ways in which people maintain feelings of personal control in the social world are discussed.
•Examines if membership in a stable organization can sustain people's sense of control.•Tests this prediction across four studies•Identifying with a stable organization is associated with increased sense of efficacy.•Perceived stability enhances organizational identification following control threat.
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