A biotecnologia é uma ciência que está em amplo desenvolvimento e vem se mostrando como uma das tecnologias de maior relevância para inovação. Nessa perspectiva, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo ...apresentar uma proposta de modelo de habitat para inovações em biotecnologia, que descreve os elementos que influenciam o processo de inovação nesses ambientes. A identificação desses elementos possibilita o planejamento das atividades do habitat de inovação com os parceiros e o adequado monitoramento dos resultados. A pesquisa foi baseada no método Design Science Research (DSR), amparada por uma revisão sobre os temas correlatos. A pesquisa oferece contribuições à literatura sobre modelos e centros de inovação, além de contribuições metodológicas relativas ao Design Science Research. Foi possível identificar os elementos relevantes para o habitat de inovação em biotecnologia, consolidados em um modelo de inovação. A política de inovação, integrada a um sistema de governança da inovação são fundamentais para que os demais elementos tenham sucesso, como os centros de inovação. Assim, espera-se que o modelo contribua para a estruturação dos habitats de inovação e sejam uma referência de apoio para a implantação de centros de inovação em biotecnologia no Brasil.
Os habitats de inovação buscam suprir demandas e potencializar a inovação e o empreendedorismo. Suas conexões com um ecossistema favorecem a realização de networking entre os seus diferentes atores ...do processo, tornando evidente a importância da governança do habitat de inovação, colocando-a como um dos principais fatores para a sua consolidação. Assim, é importante avaliar a governança dos habitats de inovação, pois ela define os meios e processos que são utilizados para produzir resultados eficazes. Um dos aspectos importantes desta governança é a existência de contratos estabelecidos entre os diferentes atores, como os contratos de parcerias, transferência de tecnologia, propriedade intelectual e convênios. Dentre os objetivos desses contratos está a viabilização das atividades de pesquisa e o desenvolvimento na área de inovação científica e tecnológica. Desse modo, propõe-se neste estudo identificar os principais componentes e mecanismos relevantes para o estabelecimento de contratos da inovação, com especial foco para o desenvolvimento de produtos biotecnológicos. A proposta do trabalho tem como base principal a revisão da literatura, para a caracterização da inovação, e o levantamento das leis que compõem o fomento de inovação e da biotecnologia no país, além dos tipos de contratos no processo de inovação. À vista disso, como resultado, temos o levantamento dos contratos, que poderá ser utilizado como um guia para o habitat de inovação, que, juntamente com as diretrizes do Marco Legal de Inovação, possa fortalecer as iniciativas de parcerias e o uso das melhores práticas descritas na literatura, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas biotecnológicas.
Understanding habitat quality for birds is crucial for ecologists and managers, but few papers have explored the advantages and disadvantages of different ways to measure it. In this review I clarify ...terminology and distinguish habitat quality from related terms, differentiate habitat quality at the levels of individual birds and populations, and describe different field methods for measuring habitat quality. As much as feasible, biologists concerned with habitat quality should emphasize demographic variables while recognizing that reproduction, survival, and abundance may not all be positively correlated. The distribution of birds can also reveal habitat quality (e.g., through patterns of habitat selection), but researchers should first investigate how closely their subjects follow ideal distributions because numerous ecological factors can lead birds to select poor and avoid rich habitats. Measures of body condition can provide convenient measures of habitat quality, but to be useful they must be a consequence, rather than a cause, of habitat selection. Habitat ecologists should use caution before relying on shortcuts from more labor-intensive demographic work. To increase the reliability of our habitat quality measurements, we should work to develop new methods to assess critical assumptions of nondemographic indicators, such as whether birds follow ideal distributions under natural conditions and whether spatial variation in body condition manifests in differential fitness.
Habitat destruction has driven many once-contiguous animal populations into remnant patches of varying size and isolation. The underlying framework for the conservation of fragmented populations is ...founded on the principles of island biogeography, wherein the probability of species occurrence in habitat patches varies as a function of patch size and isolation. Despite decades of research, the general importance of patch area and isolation as predictors of species occupancy in fragmented terrestrial systems remains unknown because of a lack of quantitative synthesis. Here, we compile occupancy data from 1,015 bird, mammal, reptile, amphibian, and invertebrate population networks on 6 continents and show that patch area and isolation are surprisingly poor predictors of occupancy for most species. We examine factors such as improper scaling and biases in species representation as explanations and find that the type of land cover separating patches most strongly affects the sensitivity of species to patch area and isolation. Our results indicate that patch area and isolation are indeed important factors affecting the occupancy of many species, but properties of the intervening matrix should not be ignored. Improving matrix quality may lead to higher conservation returns than manipulating the size and configuration of remnant patches for many of the species that persist in the aftermath of habitat destruction.
The global aquaculture industry has expanded rapidly and is increasingly important for maintaining food security and providing habitat for many waterbirds. Clarifying how waterbirds use aquafarms and ...how aquafarm use affects waterbird population maintenance can help improve management of the aquafarm landscape such that it can provide habitat for waterbirds. We investigated aquafarm use by waterbirds in China, the world's largest producer of aquaculture products. We used data from the literature on and expert knowledge (questionnaire survey) of waterbird use of aquafarms in China and Bayesian phylogenetic generalized linear mixed models to analyze the relationship between the degree of aquafarm use and population trends of waterbirds. Sixty‐nine percent of waterbird species in China have been recorded at aquafarms. Approximately one quarter of all waterbird species and about the same proportion of threatened species were found to forage at aquafarms, consuming either cultured aquatic products or other food stuffs. In general, species with a high degree of aquafarm use were unlikely to exhibit a population decline over the past 2 decades, when rapid loss of natural habitat occurred in China. This relationship was not detected in threatened species, despite there being no significant difference in the degree of aquafarm use between threatened and nonthreatened species. Our results suggest that the large and expanding aquaculture industry is important for maintaining waterbird populations in China. However, aquafarms are not a replacement for natural habitats because threatened species benefited less from aquafarm use. Given that aquafarms often negatively affect natural wetlands, the degree to which aquafarms compensate for natural habitat loss probably depends on the quality of aquafarm habitat and the habitat requirements of waterbirds. We recommend an integrated ecological and economic analysis to formulate management policies that help conserve wildlife within the constraints and opportunities associated with maintaining human livelihoods.
Efectos de la Acuacultura sobre la Conservación de las Poblaciones de Aves Acuáticas
Resumen
La industria mundial de la acuacultura se ha expandido rápidamente y cada vez es más importante para conservar la seguridad alimenticia y proporcionar hábitats para muchas aves acuáticas. Si se aclara cómo usan las aves acuáticas las granjas de acuacultura y cómo el éstas afectan a la conservación de las poblaciones de estas aves, se puede mejorar la gestión de los terrenos de acuacultura de tal manera que proporcionen un hábitat para las aves acuáticas. Investigamos el uso que las aves acuáticas le dan a las granjas de acuacultura en China, el mayor productor a nivel mundial de productos de acuicultivo. Usamos datos tomados de la literatura sobre el uso que le dan las aves acuáticas a los cultivos acuáticos en China y el conocimiento de expertos (cuestionario) y modelos bayesianos mixtos de la filogenia generalizada para analizar las relaciones entre el nivel de uso de la granja acuícola y las tendencias poblacionales de las aves acuáticas. El 69% de las especies de aves acuáticas en China se ha registrado en estas granjas. Descubrimos que aproximadamente un cuarto de todas las especies de aves acuáticas y casi la misma proporción de especies amenazadas se alimentan en las granjas acuícolas, en donde consumen los productos del cultivo o u otros alimentos. En general, las especies con un nivel elevado de uso de las granjas acuícolas no tuvieron probabilidad de declinar a nivel poblacional durante las dos últimas décadas, un momento en el que ocurrió una pérdida rápida de hábitats en China. No se detectó esta relación en las especies amenazadas, a pesar de que no hubo una diferencia importante entre las especies amenazadas y las no amenazadas. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la enorme y creciente industria de la acuacultura es importante para la conservación de las poblaciones de aves acuáticas en China. Sin embargo, las granjas acuícolas no sustituyen a los hábitats naturales ya que las especies amenazadas tuvieron menos beneficios al usarlas. Ya que las granjas acuícolas con frecuencia afectan negativamente a los humedales, el grado al que estas granjas compensan la pérdida del hábitat natural probablemente depende de la calidad del hábitat artificial. Recomendamos un análisis económico y ecológico integrado para formular políticas de manejo que ayuden a conservar la fauna dentro de las restricciones y oportunidades asociadas con la preservación de los medios de subsistencia humanos.
Article Impact Statement: Aquafarms help maintain many but not all waterbird populations, and improving their habitat quality may modulate the impacts of habitat loss.
摘要
在过去几十年里, 全球水产养殖业发展迅速, 除了在保障食品供给和促进经济发展方面发挥着关键作用外, 水产养殖场所还为许多水鸟提供了人工栖息地。了解水鸟如何利用水产养殖场所, 以及利用水产养殖场所如何影响水鸟的种群趋势, 有助于人工栖息地的管理。本文以全球最大的水产养殖国——中国为例, 通过文献收集和问卷调查, 发现有 69% 的水鸟种类在水产养殖场所被记录到。其中, 分别有四分之一的水鸟和受胁水鸟在水产养殖场所觅食, 取食水产品或其它食物。总体而言, 在自然栖息地迅速减少的过去 20 年间, 对水产养殖场所利用程度越高的水鸟, 种群数量下降的可能性越低。尽管受胁和非受胁物种对水产养殖场所的利用程度没有显著差异, 但是受胁物种对水产养殖场所的利用程度与种群趋势并无显著的相关性。本研究表明, 水产养殖对许多水鸟, 但不是所有水鸟, 的种群维持有重要作用。然而, 水产养殖场所不能替代自然湿地的栖息地功能, 因为受胁物种从利用水产养殖场所中受益较少。特别是鉴于水产养殖场所的建立通常是以自然湿地的丧失为代价, 其对水鸟种群维持的补偿作用取决于水产养殖场所的栖息地质量和水鸟的栖息地需求。我们强调未来基于综合的生态和经济分析来制定水产养殖业发展和水产养殖场所管理的政策, 在服务于经济和社会发展的同时提升生物多样性保护的功能。
题目:水鸟对水产养殖场所的利用及其对种群维持的作用
I challenge (1) the assumption that habitat patches are natural units of measurement for species richness, and (2) the assumption of distinct effects of habitat patch size and isolation on species ...richness. I propose a simpler view of the relationship between habitat distribution and species richness, the 'habitat amount hypothesis', and I suggest ways of testing it. The habitat amount hypothesis posits that, for habitat patches in a matrix of non-habitat, the patch size effect and the patch isolation effect are driven mainly by a single underlying process, the sample area effect. The hypothesis predicts that species richness in equal-sized sample sites should increase with the total amount of habitat in the 'local landscape' of the sample site, where the local landscape is the area within an appropriate distance of the sample site. It also predicts that species richness in a sample site is independent of the area of the particular patch in which the sample site is located (its 'local patch'), except insofar as the area of that patch contributes to the amount of habitat in the local landscape of the sample site. The habitat amount hypothesis replaces two predictor variables, patch size and isolation, with a single predictor variable, habitat amount, when species richness is analysed for equal-sized sample sites rather than for unequal-sized habitat patches. Studies to test the hypothesis should ensure that 'habitat' is correctly defined, and the spatial extent of the local landscape is appropriate, for the species group under consideration. If supported, the habitat amount hypothesis would mean that to predict the relationship between habitat distribution and species richness: (1) distinguishing between patch-scale and landscape-scale habitat effects is unnecessary; (2) distinguishing between patch size effects and patch isolation effects is unnecessary; (3) considering habitat configuration independent of habitat amount is unnecessary; and (4) delineating discrete habitat patches is unnecessary.
Limited knowledge of dispersal for most organisms hampers effective connectivity conservation in fragmented landscapes. In forest ecosystems, deadwood-dependent organisms (i.e., saproxylics) are ...negatively affected by forest management and degradation globally. We reviewed empirically established dispersal ecology of saproxylic insects and fungi. We focused on direct studies (e.g., mark-recapture, radiotelemetry), field experiments, and population genetic analyses. We found 2 somewhat opposite results. Based on direct methods and experiments, dispersal is limited to within a few kilometers, whereas genetic studies showed little genetic structure over tens of kilometers, which indicates long-distance dispersal. The extent of direct dispersal studies and field experiments was small and thus these studies could not have detected long-distance dispersal. Particularly for fungi, more studies at management-relevant scales (1-10 km) are needed. Genetic researchers used outdated markers, investigated few loci, and faced the inherent difficulties of inferring dispersal from genetic population structure. Although there were systematic and species-specific differences in dispersal ability (fungi are better dispersers than insects), it seems that for both groups colonization and establishment, not dispersal per se, are limiting their occurrence at management-relevant scales. Because most studies were on forest landscapes in Europe, particularly the boreal region, more data are needed from nonforested landscapes in which fragmentation effects are likely to be more pronounced. Given the potential for long-distance dispersal and the logical necessity of habitat area being a more fundamental landscape attribute than the spatial arrangement of habitat patches (i.e., connectivity sensu strict), retaining high-quality deadwood habitat is more important for saproxylic insects and fungi than explicit connectivity conservation in many cases. El conocimiento limitado sobre la dispersión de la mayoría de los organismos obstaculiza la conservación por conectividad efectiva en paisajes fragmentados. En los ecosistemas boscosos, los organismos que dependen de la madera seca (es decir, saproxtticos) son afectados negativamente por el manejo forestal y la degradación a nivel mundial. Revisamos la ecología de la dispersión establecida empíricamente de insectos y hongos saproxtticos. Nos enfocamos en estudios directos (p. ej: captura - recaptura, radiotelemetría), experimentos de campo y análisis genéticos póblacionales. Encontramos dos resultados opuestos en cierto modo. Con base en métodos directos y experimentos la dispersión está limitada dentro de unos cuantos kilómetros, mientras que los estudios genéticos mostraron una estructura genética mínima a través de decenas de kilómetros, lo que indica una dispersión a larga distancia. La extensión de los estudios directos de dispersión y los experimentos de campo fue reducida y por esto estos estudios podrían no haber detectado la dispersión a larga distancia. Se requieren más estudios a escalas relevantes para el manejo (1-10 km), particularmente para los hongos. Los genetistas utilizaron marcadores obsoletos, investigaron pocos loci, y se enfrentaron a las dificultades inherentes de la inferencia de la dispersión a partir de la estructura genética de la población. Aunque hubo diferencias sistemáticas y específicas por especie en la capacidad de dispersión (los hongos son mejores dispersores que los insectos), parece ser que para ambos grupos la colonización y el establecimiento, no la dispersión per se, están limitando su ocurrencia a escalas relevantes para el manejo. Ya que la mayoría de los estudios se realizaron en bosques de Europa, particularmente en la región boreal, se necesitan más datos para los paisajes no forestales en los que los efectos de la fragmentación tienen la probabilidad de ser más pronunciados. Dado el potencial para la dispersión a larga distancia y la necesidad lógica de que el área del habitat sea un atributo más fundamental del paisaje que el arreglo espacial de los fragmentos de habitat (es decir, la conectividad en sentido estricto), retener habitats de madera seca de alta calidad es más importante para los insectos y los hongos saproxílicos que la conservación por conectividad explícita en muchos casos. 对大多数生物扩散的认识不足限制了对破碎化景观进行有效的连接度保护。在森林生态系统中，依赖枯 故朽木的生物（即“saprojxylics”，以枯木为生的生物）正受到森林管理和全球森林退化的负面影响。本文综述了 以枯木为生的昆虫和真菌扩散生态学的经验知识。我们关注了直接的研究（如标记重捕、无线电遥测)、野外 实验和种群遗传学分析，并发现了一定程度上互相矛盾的结果。根据直接的研究方法和实验，扩散仅局限在几千 米的范围内，而遗传学研究却发现数十千米内种群遗传结构都不明显, 即存在长距离扩散。直接的扩散研究和野 外实验的范围很小，因此不足以发现长距离扩散。特别是真菌还需要更多管理操作尺度（1-10 km )的研究。遗 传学研究者使用过时标记、分析位点较少，且面临着由种群遗传结构推断扩散内在的困难。虽然存在系统学和 物种特异的扩散能力差异(真菌比昆虫更易扩散)，但限制这两类生物在管理操作尺度上出现的因素都是定殖和 建群，而非扩散本身。由于大多数研究是欧洲的森林景观学研究，尤其是北方森林^因此还需要更多受破碎化影 响可能更显著的非森林景观的数据。考虑到长距离扩散的潜力和生境大小作为ー个比生境斑块的空间排列(即 狭义连接度) 更基础的景观属性的逻辑必然性，对以枯木为生的昆虫和真菌来说，保留髙质量的枯木生境在许多 情況下比明确的连接度保护更重要。
Managing habitats for conservation Sutherland, W.J; Hill, D.A. (eds.) (School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia (United Kingdom))
1995
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