Provider: - Institution: University of Zagreb. Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry. Department of microbiology. - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Učinak sekundarnog metabolita masline (Olea ...europaea L.) oleuropeina, njegovog razgradnog produkta hidroksitirosola i vodenog ekstrakta maslinova lista na staničnu vijabilnost medicinski značajne gljivične vrste Candida albicans ispitan je in vitro testovima. Metodom mikrodilucije određene su minimalne inhibitorne koncentracije (MIK) koje uzrokuju 80 % smanjenja stanične vijabilnosti i koje su iznosile 12,5 mg/ml za oleuropein, 6,25 mg/ml za hidroksitirosol i 25 mg/ml za vodeni ekstrakt maslinova lista. Kvantitativna analiza s fluorescentnim bojanjem upućuje na zaključak da je apoptoza primarni način stanične smrti u uzorcima tretiranim sa sub-MIK koncentracijama ovih tvari. Budući da je patogenost vrste određena virulentnim čimbenicima, ispitani su učinci oleuropeina i hidroksitirosola na najznačajnije virulentne čimbenike vrste C. albicans. Utvrđen je inhibitorni učinak ovih fenolnih tvari na promjenu u hifalni oblik rasta kod vrste C. albicans induciranu u uvjetima staničnog gladovanja. Pri sub-MIK koncentracijama, oleuropein i hidroksitirosol nisu pokazali inhibitorno djelovanje na stvaranje biofilma ove vrste. Pri subinhibitornim koncentracijama nakon 24 sata inkubacije, oleuropein i hidroksitirosol su uzrokovali modulaciju stanične površinske hidrofobnosti koja se dovodi u svezu s adherencijom vrste C. albicans na biomaterijale. Uzgoj vrste C. albicans u prisutnosti oleuropeina i hidroksitirosola je uzrokovao inhibiciju aktivnosti kandidinih hidrolitičkih enzima, aspartil-proteaza (Sap) i α-glukozidaza. Tretiranjem vrste C. albicans s oleuropeinom i hidroksitirosolom utvrđeno je višestruko djelovanje ovih tvari uključujući oštećenje stanične stijenke, stanične membrane i otpuštanje citoplazmatskog sadržaja (DNA i proteina). S obzirom da neki antimikotici djeluju kao inhibitori biosinteze ergosterola, provedeno je ispitivanje učinka oleuropeina i hidroksitirosola na modulaciju ergosterola kojima je utvrđeno smanjenje ovog sterola u ovisnosti o primijenjenoj koncentraciji. Uz testove određivanja djelovanja na gljivičnu vrstu, ispitani su mogući citotoksični i genotoksični učinci na stanice nositelja. Navedene tvari nisu pokazale hemolitičku aktivnost na humanim eritrocitima pri testiranim koncentracijama u rasponu 3-60 μM. Ispitivanje učinka na humanim limfocitima periferne krvi provedeno kometnim testom pokazalo je protektivno djelovanje ovih tvari na oštećenja DNA inducirana s mutagenom H2O2, pri čemu je hidroksitirosol imao bolji protektivni učinak u usporedbi s oleuropeinom nakon 120 min predtretmana s ispitivanim tvarima u koncentracijama 1, 5 i 10 μM. Navedeni genoprotektivni učinci su posljedica snažnog antioksidativnog djelovanja ovih fenolnih spojeva utvrđenih ABTS, FRAP i CUPRAC metodom.- Activity of oleuropein, a phenol secoiridoid present in olive tree products, its derivative hydroxytyrosol and water extract of olive leaf were investigated using in vitro tests against opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Antifungal susceptibility testing was used to estimate the drop of viability up to 80 % in comparison to the control (untreated cells). Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against C. albicans for oleuropein was 12,5 mg/ml, for hydroxytyrosol was 6,25 mg/ml and for water extract of olive leaf was 25 mg/ml. Morphological changes in the nuclei after staining with fluorescent DNA-binding dyes revealed that apoptosis was a primary mode of cell death in analyzed samples treated with sub-MIC concentrations of tested compounds. In order to understand mode of action of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, their effect on C. albicans virulence factors essential for development of infection in the host have been investigated. Both oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol modulate morphogenetic coversion and inhibit filamentation of C. albicans induced in the conditions of reduced nutrient availability. On the other hand, treatment with sub-MIC concentractions of these phenolic compounds did not affect C. albicans biofilm formation. The hydrophobicity assay showed that both compounds, in sub-MIC values, have decreased the cellular surface hydrophobicity, a factor associated with adhesion to epithelial cells. Cultivation of C. albicans in the presence of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol also inhibits, in the dose-dependent manner, acitivity of aspartyl-proteases (Sap), hydrolytic enzymes important in adherence, tissue penetration, invasion and destruction of host tissue. Most therapies for fungal infections target the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway or its end product ergosterol which is necessary for growth and normal function of fungal cells. At subinhibitory concentrations tested compounds have altered sterol content and subsequently affected the cell membrane of C. albicans. Both compounds induced dose-dependent loss of intracellular material to outer space (DNA, protein leakage) and caused membrane depolarisation indicating their direct effect on the membrane. In addition, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays were performed to elucidate the effect of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol on the host cells. Oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol exhibited no hemolytic activity on human erythrocytes at tested concentrations (3-60 μM). Antigenotoxic effects of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol against H2O2-induced damage in human lymphocytes were evaluated in vitro by alkaline comet assay. Pretreatment of human lymphocytes with each of the substance for 120 min produced dose-dependent reduction of primary DNA damage in the tested cell type. At tested concentrations (1, 5, 10 μM), hydroxytyrosol showed better protective effect than oleuropein against H2O2-induced DNA breaks. Our results suggest that genoprotective effects of these phenolic compounds could be attributed to their radical scavenging and metal ions chelating activity which were determined using ABTS, FRAP and CUPRAC assays.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
