Background: In Asian countries, human trafficking is often encountered as forced labor, forced marriage, sex trafficking, men, women, and children exploitation. This review points out how human ...trafficking activities are prevalent in Asian countries and also reveals different causes that are the basis of increasingly human trafficking in Asian countries such as poverty, unemployment, political uncertainty, war, natural disaster, corruption and weak policies. Human trafficking also creates huge health, physical, psychological and social implications on individuals and the overall society.
Methods: The purpose of this study is to collect evidence on human trafficking in Asian countries. A scoping review methodology was used to systematically search online databases including Sage Journals Online, Wiley Online, Hein Online, Taylor & Francis Online, Web of Science, and Scopus literature to amalgamate information on this issue. For the purposes of this article, 64 studies met the inclusion criteria after searching and screening a total number of 1,278 studies.
Results: The findings of this study were classified under three categories: prevalence of human trafficking in Asia, causes of human trafficking in Asia (poverty and unemployment, environmental and manmade disaster, weak policies and corruption), and impacts of human trafficking including social, health, physical, psychological impacts.
Conclusion: Keeping in mind the prevalence and impacts of human trafficking, the author also recommends some meaningful and practical steps for policymakers and researchers to effectively tackle human trafficking in Asian countries.
This invited article is one of several comprising part of a special issue of Child Abuse and Neglect focused on child trafficking and health. The purpose of each invited article is to describe a ...specific program serving trafficked children. Featuring these programs is intended to raise awareness of innovative counter-trafficking strategies emerging worldwide and facilitate collaboration on program development and outcomes research. This article describes Project Intersect, a program of mental health services and behavioral health professional training designed to address trauma-related psychological and behavioral problems experienced by adolescent survivors of commercial sexual exploitation and trafficking. The project is led by the Georgia Center for Child Advocacy in Atlanta, GA, USA. The primary goal of the program is to build a cadre of behavioral health specialists with skills to implement trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy to address the unique needs of trafficked/exploited youth. This involves intensive initial training, follow-up consultation, technical support, and program evaluation.
Since the passing of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act in 2000 and its reauthorization by President George Bush in 2008, federal, state and community efforts in identifying and ...providing services for victims of human trafficking have significantly improved. However, most of the research and resources for trafficking victims have been directed towards adults rather than children. Researchers agree that there is a growing number of sexually exploited and trafficked children in the United States yet few programs emphasize the unique experiences and special needs of this population. This article examines commercial sexual exploitation of children; differentiates the needs and problems between child prostitution and victims of human trafficking; reviews and critiques current treatment practices; and summarizes challenges and successes in working with child victims of human trafficking, offering practice and policy recommendations.
Baby factories and baby harvesting are relatively new terms that involve breeding, trafficking, and abuse of infants and their biological mothers. Since it was first described in a United Nations ...Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization report in Nigeria in 2006, several more baby factories have been discovered over the years. Infertile women are noted to be major patrons of these baby factories due to the stigmatization of childless couples in Southern Nigeria and issues around cultural acceptability of surrogacy and adoption. These practices have contributed to the growth in the industry which results in physical, psychological, and sexual violence to the victims. Tackling baby factories will involve a multifaceted approach that includes advocacy and enacting of legislation barring baby factories and infant trafficking and harsh consequences for their patrons. Also, programs to educate young girls on preventing unwanted pregnancies are needed. Methods of improving awareness and acceptability of adoption and surrogacy and reducing the administrative and legal bottlenecks associated with these options for infertile couples should be explored to diminish the importance of baby factories.
While many are at risk of becoming victims of sex trafficking, there are still "unrescued victims". This study seeks to answer why victims of sex trafficking refuse to leave the environment in which ...they have been and continue to be victimized. It utilized a phenomenological study to reveal the experiences of the victims of sex trafficking through interviews as further supported by a group discussion amongst pimps. The study found that participants' need for income and desires to improve their lifestyle influenced their decision to remain victims. Anent, the victims' pre-victimization life status is linked to their decision to stay/leave. The more destitute the victims, the more likely they are to remain in the sex industry. Furthermore, despite the abuses, victims' perceptions of their victimization have positively shifted over the years of captivity. The participants personally perceived themselves from forced victims to persons who maintain their victimization as profession. The economic-benefit, the deception of the pimps, and culture of the locale collectively play apart in this shift of perception. The study comes to an unusual conclusion about victimization in sex trafficking. Recognizing this phenomenon may prompt better interventions by authorities in developing more inclusive rescue, counseling, and victim-centered programs.
The United States has taken the lead in efforts to end international human trafficking-the movement of peoples from one country to another, usually involving fraud, for the purpose of exploiting ...their labor. Examples that have captured the headlines include the 300 Chinese immigrants that were smuggled to the United States on the ship Golden Venture and the young Mexican women smuggled by the Cadena family to Florida where they were forced into prostitution and confined in trailers.The public's understanding of human trafficking is comprised of terrible stories like these, which the media covers in dramatic, but usually short-lived bursts. The more complicated, long-term story of how policy on trafficking has evolved has been largely ignored. In The War on Human Trafficking, Anthony M. DeStefano covers a decade of reporting on the policy battles that have surrounded efforts to abolish such practices, helping readers to understand the forced labor of immigrants as a major global human rights story.DeStefano details the events leading up to the creation of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, the federal law that first addressed the phenomenon of trafficking in persons. He assesses the effectiveness of the 2000 law and its progeny, showing the difficulties encountered by federal prosecutors in building criminal cases against traffickers. The book also describes the tensions created as the Bush Administration tried to use the trafficking laws to attack prostitution and shows how the American response to these criminal activities was impacted by the events of September 11th and the War in Iraq.Parsing politics from practice, this important book gets beyond sensational stories of sexual servitude to show that human trafficking has a much broader scope and is inextricable from the powerful economic conditions that impel immigrants to put themselves at risk.
•Human trafficking victims seek treatment for illness or injury in the emergency department during their captivity.•Emergency room nurses are in a prime position to identify victims of human ...trafficking.•Many emergency room nurses are not well prepared to identify victims of human trafficking.•Education and screening resources can improve nurses’ self-efficacy victim identification.•Human trafficking education should be integrated as a standard element of emergency nursing education.
Human trafficking is a form of modern slavery, exploiting people across all cultures and ethnic groups. Human trafficking victims (HTV) are at increased risk for neglect, physical, and psychological harm.
Approximately 68% of HTV report seeking medical treatments in the emergency department at some point during their captivity. Many emergency department nurses today are however not well prepared to identify potential HTV in day to day practice.
The purpose of this quality improvement (QI) project was to improve emergency room nurses’ self-efficacy in victim identification through education and implementation of a screening tool. Self-efficacy in victim identification was measured through a pre- and post- implementation survey.
The intervention for this QI project included education delivered asynchronously online and in person across all shifts as well as a victim screening assessment. The screening assessment was imbedded in the pre-existing safety assessment of the electronic medical record.
Using the mean response of pre- and post- implementation surveys, a paired t-test analysis allowed comparison indicating a significant improvement to self-reported levels of self-efficacy in nursing staff.
A statistically significant change in mean practice self-efficacy scores reinforced the importance of education and screening in victim identification.
This volume is devoted to the dark side of human mobility, that is migrant smuggling, and, linked with it, human trafficking. Both subjects will be mainly treated from an Italian perspective; ...however, due to their having a generally transnational character, the analysis will necessarily require that international and supranational actions/measures also be taken into account. Moreover, the legal perspective will be supplemented by the phenomenological/criminological one, through which the authors try to provide the work with a realistic dimension aimed at grasping the practical aspects of both migrant smuggling and human trafficking emerging from the different ways in which such crimes are de facto committed.
Child sex trafficking is a global health problem, with a prevalence of 4% to 11% among high-risk adolescents. The objective of this study was to confidentially administer a validated screening tool ...in a pediatric emergency department by using an electronic tablet to identify minors at risk for sex trafficking. Our hypothesis was that this modality of administration would adequately identify high-risk patients.
English- and Spanish-speaking patients from the ages of 12 to 17 years presenting to a large urban pediatric emergency department with high-risk chief complaints were enrolled in a prospective cohort over 13 months. Subjects completed a previously validated 6-item screening tool on an electronic tablet. The screening tool's sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify additional risk factors.
A total of 212 subjects were enrolled (72.6% female; median age: 15 years; interquartile range 13-16), of which 26 patients were subjected to child sex trafficking (prevalence: 12.3%). The sensitivity and specificity of the electronic screening tool were 84.6% (95% confidence interval CI 70.8%-98.5%) and 53.2% (95% CI 46.1%-60.4%), respectively. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 20.2% (95% CI 12.7%-27.7%) and 96.1% (95% CI 92.4%-99.9%), respectively. A previous suicide attempt and history of child abuse increased the odds of trafficking independent of those who screened positive but did not improve sensitivity of the tool.
A confidentially administered, previously validated, electronic screening tool was used to accurately identify sex trafficking among minors, suggesting that this modality of screening may be useful in busy clinical environments.
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