This new 4-page publication of the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department explains hop harvesting procedures for small-scale production (generally up to 5 acres). It is part of a series that ...examines the challenges and opportunities for hop production in Florida based on research at the UF/IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center. Written by Shinsuke Agehara, Chris DelCastillo, Mariel Gallardo, Weining Wang, and Jack Rechcigl. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1437
The beer industry produces a significant quantity of residues, including hop pruning from the Humulus lupulus L. plant. In this work, two alternative schemes of biorefinery were evaluated for the ...first time for valorization of this residue. A conventional processing, involving the water extraction of compounds (110 °C for 30–60 min), was proposed to obtain phenolic compounds, followed by weak acid treatment to optimize the hemicelluloses solubilization. Alternatively, innovative processing, based on autohydrolysis assisted by microwave was also evaluated for the co-extraction of antioxidants and oligosaccharides. Results obtained from these biorefineries showed that after 30 min of aqueous extraction phenols (33.86 mg GAE/g raw material) and flavonoids (42.50 mg RE/g raw material) were successfully solubilized with an antioxidant activity of 6.09, 43.56, and 29.79 mg TE/g raw material using the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods, respectively. The second stage of conventional process (123.5 °C; 1.69 % HCl; 59.6 min) yielded the highest values of xylooligosaccharides and xylose (16.38 g/L) and glucan content (53.25 %). Alternatively, 5.50 g/L of xylooligosaccharides and xylose were obtained along with antioxidant phenolics measuring 31.74 mg GAE/g raw material and 61.06 mg RE/g raw material, using microwave-assisted autohydrolysis (200 °C for 5 min). The antioxidant activity of these bioactive compounds was 20.80, 29.82, and 44.01 mg TE/g raw material for the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, respectively. Overall, this study shows the feasibility of hop pruning processing under two biorefinery schemes, in which between 10.32 and 17.11 g of phenolic compounds and xylan derivatives per 100 g of raw material can be obtained, with high potential to be used in the pharmaceutical, food or chemical industries.
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•Hop pruning was valorized by conventional and innovative technologies.•Analogous phenolic content was found in both strategies (3.17–3.39 kg/100 kg).•Different phytochemical profile was found depending on the employed strategy.•1.6-fold higher xylan derivatives were obtained for dilute acid pretreatment.•Cellulose and lignin-enriched solids were recovered after both strategies.
Cannabaceae plants Cannabis sativa L. and Humulus lupulus L. are rich in terpenes – both are typically comprised of terpenes as up to 3–5% of the dry-mass of the female inflorescence. Terpenes of ...cannabis and hops are typically simple mono- and sesquiterpenes derived from two and three isoprene units, respectively. Some terpenes are relatively well known for their potential in biomedicine and have been used in traditional medicine for centuries, while others are yet to be studied in detail. The current, comprehensive review presents terpenes found in cannabis and hops. Terpenes' medicinal properties are supported by numerous in vitro, animal and clinical trials and show anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, anticonvulsive, antidepressant, anxiolytic, anticancer, antitumor, neuroprotective, anti-mutagenic, anti-allergic, antibiotic and anti-diabetic attributes, among others. Because of the very low toxicity, these terpenes are already widely used as food additives and in cosmetic products. Thus, they have been proven safe and well-tolerated.
•The current, comprehensive review presents terpenes found in cannabis and hops.•Cannabaceae plants Cannabis sativa L. and Humulus lupulus L. are rich in mono- and sesquiterpenes.•Some terpenes are known for their potential in biomedicine and have been used in traditional medicine for centuries.•A wide variety of terpenes' medicinal properties are supported by numerous in vitro, animal and clinical trials.•Because of the very low toxicity, these terpenes are safe and well-tolerated and have good therapeutic index.
The hop essential oil (Humulus lupulus) can be used as a natural additive in food to prevent lipid oxidation, replacing synthetic ones. The aim was to study the antioxidant activity of hop essential ...oil under accelerated oxidation conditions and determine the relationship between β-myrcene/caryophyllene (α, β) (M/Cs) as an antioxidant-efficient indicator. Sunflower oil was used as a lipid model. Five treatments were carried out (control, BHT, Chinook (CH), Cryo Citra (CYT), and Falconers Flight (F) at 0.02 %). The antioxidant efficacy was measured through free radical-scavenging activity, peroxide value, conjugated dienes, and oxidation volatile compounds. Cryo Citra essential oil showed the highest antioxidant activity, comparable with BHT, and M/Cs of 3.14 and F (0.91) and CH (0.57) showed good performance in the accelerated oxidation test while Chinook showed the best free radical-scavenging activity. The M/Cs relationship can be used as an antioxidant-efficient indicator with values biggest than 0.90.
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•Hop essential oils demonstrated an effective antioxidant activity.•The antioxidant activity of Cryo Citra hop was comparable with BHT.•Hop essential oil could replace the synthetic antioxidants.•Myrcene/caryophyllene (α, β) is a good antioxidant-efficient indicator.
•Lactic acid-based eutectic mixtures were studied for hop’s active compounds recovery.•Structural analysis was performed by FTIR and Raman spectroscopic techniques.•Eutectic mixtures improved the ...extraction efficiency of hop’s bioactive compounds.•The highest antimicrobial activity was recorded against P. aeruginosa.
In the present study, natural deep eutectic solvents were used to increase the extraction efficiency (EE) of bioactive compounds from hop (Humulus lupulus L) cones under ultrasounds irradiation. Three lactic acid-based deep eutectic solvents (namely LaDES) were developed, physicochemical characterized and their EE values compared with those of a control extract, obtained using aqueous methanol (80%) acidified with HCl (0.1%). The supramolecular organization of LaDES and their extracts were analysed using FTIR spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy to clarify the interactions among LaDES components and between LaDES and the bioactive components of the plant matrix. The phytochemical profiles of green extracts were evaluated using both spectrophotometric assays and HPLC-DAD analysis and the results were compared with those from the control samples. Among the different combinations of LaDES tested, lactic acid: sucrose showed the highest EE against hop bitter acids (α-acids: 8.9 ± 0.1% w/w; β-acids: 3.2 ± 0.3% w/w), while lactic acid: urea extracted more non-phenolic pigments (total chlorophyll: 8.79 ± 0.09 mg g−1 d.b.; total carotenoids: 2.22 ± 0.02 mg g−1 d.b.) than the other two LaDES combinations and control. Polyphenols were better extracted by lactic acid: glycine than the other solvents tested (71.2 ± 0.1 mg gallic acid equivalents g−1 d.b.), also showing the highest antiradical potential against both ABTS+ and DPPH (EC50_ABTS: 0.63 ± 0.01 μg; EC50_DPPH: 69 ± 2 μg). Finally, all LaDES inhibited both Gram- positive and negative bacteria, while non activity was recorded against tested yeasts.
Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a perennial plant cultivated for its use in beer production. The plant is dioecious, and the female plants produce cones containing substances that enhance the taste and ...durability of beer. Beer was long an essential part of food supply in Northern Europe, and hop has thus been a very important crop during the last 1,000 years. In Sweden, hop cultivation was, by law, mandatory for farmers from 1414 till 1860. Today, Swedish hop cultivation is negligible, but historical remnant hop plants can still be found as feral populations. Using historical maps and documents, we have located ten historical hop yards from the 15 super(th) to 18 super(th) century where hop plants still persist as now feral populations. Some fifteen plants of each population were sampled and genotyped with ten SSR markers and one marker diagnostic for sex type. In addition, 25 genebank preserved clones of older landraces and cultivars from Europe were genotyped. Genotyping results show abundant clonality and low rates of sexual reproduction within the feral populations. Two of the populations had markedly higher genetic diversity and a higher number of haplotypes, and in these populations a mix of female and male plants was also found. The populations were all clearly differentiated, with no haplotypes shared between populations and little evidence of exchange of genetic material. These results indicate that natural spread and genetic recombination is uncommon or slow in Sweden, and that the feral plants could be remnants of the original historical cultivations. In the assembly of European genebank clones, several clones showed identical genotypes and overall limited genetic diversity. The Swedish populations were in most cases genetically clearly different from the genebank clones. This contrasts with historical records of massive introductions of hop clones from continental Europe during the 19 super(th) century and shows that these imports did not replace the original hops being cultivated. A possible better adaption of the Swedish hops and primitive historical breeding are discussed.Original Abstract: Humle (Humulus lupulus L.) aer en flerarig vaext som odlas for anvaendning i olproduktion. Vaexten aer tvabyggare och honplantorna producerar kottar som innehaller aemnen som forbaettrar olets smak och hallbarhet. Oel var laenge en viktig del av livsmedelsforsorjningen i norra Europa, varfor humle varit en mycket betydelsefull groda under de senaste 1000 aren. I Sverige var humleodling enligt lag obligatorisk for jordbrukare fran ar 1414 till 1860. I dag aer den svenska odlingen av humle forsumbar men forvildade humleplantor fran historiska odlingar kan fortfarande hittas. Med hjaelp av historiska kartor och dokument har vi aterfunnit humlebestand fran tio historiska humleodlingar fran 1400- till 1700-talet. Prov togs fran ett femtontal plantor av varje population och genotypades med tio SSR markorer och en markor diagnostisk for kon. Dessutom genotypades 25 kloner av gamla lantsorter och sorter fran Europa bevarade i genbanker. Resultaten visar pa hog grad av klonalitet och lag frekvens av sexuell reproduktion inom populationerna. Tva populationer hade markant hogre genetisk diversitet och ett storre antal haplotyper, i dessa populationer forekom ocksa en blandning av han- och honplantor. Populationerna var alla tydligt differentierade fran varandra och inga haplotyper forkom i mer aen en population, vilket pavisar lagt utbyte av genetiskt material. Dessa resultat tyder pa att naturlig spridning och genetisk rekombination aer ovanligt eller sker langsamt i Sverige. Analysen av de europeiska klonerna fran genbanker visade att flera kloner hade identiska genotyper och totalt sett begraensad genetisk diversitet. De svenska populationerna var i de flesta fall genetiskt klart saerskiljbara fran genbanksklonerna. Detta resultat kontrasterar mot informationen i historiska dokument som beskriver massiv introduktion av humlekloner fran kontinentala Europa under 1800-talet och visar att denna import inte ersatte den humle som tidigare odlats. En mojlig baettre klimatanpassning av de ursprungliga svenska humlesorterna och en eventuell primitiv historisk foraedling diskuteras.
El lúpulo (Humulus lupulus L.) es un ingrediente esencial en la elaboración de cerveza, que agrega amargura y sabor a la cerveza. Impulsada por el reciente movimiento de la cerveza artesanal, la ...producción de lúpulo se está expandiendo hacia estados no tradicionales en la producción de lúpulo. En Florida, aunque la producción comercial de lúpulo es casi inexistente, la cantidad de cervecerías artesanales aumentó de 45 en 2011 a 285 en 2018, y el impacto económico de la industria de la cerveza artesanal en Florida supera los $3 mil millones. Este nuevo artículo de 7 páginas, escrito por Shinsuke Agehara, Aleyda Acosta-Rangel, Zhanao Deng, Jack Rechcigl y Simon Bollin, traducido por Mariel Gallardo y publicado por el Horticultural Sciences Department de UF/IFAS, proporciona pautas y consideraciones para construir el sistema de tutorado para lúpulo y su establecimiento en Florida, utilizando como modelo, el campo de investigación del UF/IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center (GCREC).https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1408
Humulus lupulus
L. (Cannabaceae), commonly named hop, is widely grown around the world for its use in the brewing industry. Its female inflorescences (hops) are particularly prized by brewers because ...they produce some secondary metabolites that confer bitterness, aromas and antiseptic properties to the beer. These sought-after metabolites include terpenes and sesquiterpenes, found in essential oil, but also prenylated phenolic compounds, mainly acylphloroglucinols (bitter acids) from the series of
α
-acids (humulone derivatives). These metabolites have shown numerous biological activities, including among others, antimicrobial, sedative and estrogenic properties. This review provides an inventory of hop’s chemistry, with an emphasis on the secondary metabolites and their biological activities. These compounds of biological interest are essentially produced in female inflorescences, while other parts of the plant only synthetize low quantities of them. Lastly, our article provides an overview of the research in plant biotechnology that could bring alternatives for hops metabolites production.
ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE OILS FROM CASCADE AND CHINOOK HOPS (Humulus Lupulus L.) CULTIVATED UNDER TROPICAL CLIMATE IN THE STATE OF SÃO PAULO. Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a plant widely used as raw ...material in global beer production, valued for its aroma, flavor and bittering components. Despite Brazil’s third-place position in global beer production, the country still relies on imported hops. Thus, this study describes the chemical composition and volatile oil content of Cascade and Chinook hop cultivars grown in a tropical area in São Paulo state during 2020 and 2021, as well as imported commercial pellets. Hydrodistillation was employed to extract the oils, which were analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS techniques. Approximately 40% of the cultivated hop plants exhibited volatile oil content within the expected range. Among the 55 identified compounds, β-myrcene, β-caryophyllene, and α-humulene were the major constituents, and several key compounds contributing to hop aroma were detected. Principal component analysis revealed distinct clustering patterns based on cultivar and harvest year. This study reports the first comparative analysis of hops harvested in different years and the volatile oil composition and content of Chinook hops cultivated in Brazil, making a significant contribution to the fields of agronomy and national beer market. These findings highlight Brazil’s potential to become a major hop producer by implementing proper management practices and suitable technologies.
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