This study analyzes the main characteristics of hybrid warfare and how it is applied in practice through Russia’s intervention in Ukraine. Although researchers have not reached a consensus on the ...definition of hybrid warfare, it is a kind of war in which both state and non-state actors engage using increasing obscurity and invisibility and various types of war such as conventional capabilities, irregular tactics, acts of terrorism, violence, and oppression. Hybrid warfare with traditional and modern war concepts provides states the opportunity to reach targets that they cannot reach by using many other different means. In this context, in the first part of the study, the definition and characteristics of hybrid wars were mentioned, then the components of hybrid warfare were revealed and in the last part, it is analyzed how Russia applied the hybrid war theory in the Ukraine War.
The term “Hybrid War”, which the security circles began to use frequently due to the Second Lebanon War and Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014, has not become a concept or doctrine accepted all ...over the world despite the passing years. Today, conflicts or tensions in the world can be explained by using the popularity of this term. As a result, there has been a tendency to explain the phenomenon of war, which is already hard to understand and comprehend on its own, by adding an adjective before it. However, to understand and analyse fully the reciprocal moves of the two warring actors, it is important not to overlook the fact that the actual courses of action of the warring parties may be hidden within the operation designs they made. In this context, the article analyses the Second Lebanon War, in which the term “hybrid war” emerged, and Russia’s annexation of Crimea, which increased the popularity of the term. Adopted qualitative research methodology, the article uses scientific research techniques such as centre of gravity analysis, discourse analysis, and hermeneutics. Secondary sources such as scientific books, articles, theses, and reports are used as basic data sources.
The main purpose of this paper is to conduct qualitative research based on the research work of some foreign and domestic researchers who studied the concept of "hybrid war" in modern international ...relations and the nature, form and tactics of "hybrid war". This study was conducted because it was deemed necessary to do some research on the risks of external factors that could negatively affect Mongolia's national security in the context of the unstable international relations stemming from the current international relations and confrontations of great powers.
After the Crimean crisis that started in the spring of 2014, the term "hybrid war" began to be commonly used among Western researchers to study Russia's policy of expanding its sphere of influence, especially its geopolitical policy toward Ukraine. The combination of "conventional" and "non-conventional" war methods, which are carried out in order to divide Ukraine from within and support separatist activities, have been studied in the context of "hybrid war". However, this research work shows that this "hybrid war" has many different models and manifests itself in many forms due to many factors such as the military force, economical capability, political power and geographical location of the opposing countries.
Орчин цагийн олон улсын харилцаа ба “Гибрид дайн”-ы талаар хийсэн судалгаа, үнэлэлт дүгнэлт
Хураангуй: Өнөөгийн дэлхийн улс төрийн бодлого дахь хүчний төвийн шилжилт, их гүрнүүдийн геополитикийн сөргөлдөөн зэргээс улбаалан олон улсын харилцааны нөхцөл байдал тун тогтворгүй байна. Ийм нөхцөлд Монгол Улсын аюулгүй байдалд сөргөөр нөлөөлж болох гадаад хүчин зүйлсийн эрсдэлийн судалгаа, тэр дундаа орчин цагийн олон улсын харилцаан дахь “гибрид дайн” хэмээх ойлголт, “гибрид дайн”-ы мөн чанар, хэлбэр ба арга тактикийн талаар үнэлгээ дүгнэлт хийх шаардлагатай гэж үзсэн учир энэхүү судалгааг хийсэн болно. 2014 оны хавар эхэлсэн Крымийн асуудлын дараачаар барууны судлаачдын дунд ОХУ-ын нөлөөний хүрээгээ тэлэх бодлого, ялангуяа Украины талаар явуулж буй бодлогыг судлахдаа “гибрид дайн” хэмээх нэр томьёог нийтлэг хэрэглэж эхэлсэн. Украиныг дотроос нь хагалган бутаргах, салан тусгаарлагчдын үйл ажиллагааг дэмжих зорилгоор явуулж буй “уламжлалт” болон “уламжлалт бус” дайны аргыг хослуулан хэрэгжүүлж буй үйл ажиллагааг “гибрид дайн”-ы хүрээнд судлах болсон. Гэхдээ энэхүү “гибрид дайн” нь тухайн сөргөлдөгч улсуудын цэрэг стратегийн хүч, эдийн засгийн чадавх, улс төрийн нөлөө, газарзүйн байршил зэрэг олон хүчин зүйлээс шалтгаалан олон янзын загвартай байхаас гадна маш олон хэлбэрээр илэрдэг болох нь судалгаанаас харагдаж байна.
Түлхүүр үгс: Герасимовын номлол, гибрид дайн, гибрид дайны арга хэлбэрүүд
As Montenegro sough to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 2015, an attempted coup erupted within the country in October of that year.
Ben Farmer reported that, ‘An officer with Russia's ...GRU military intelligence service, is accused of running a web of Serbian and Russian nationalists and paramilitaries who plotted to assassinate the Montenegrin prime minister.’
The failed coup and attempted assassination were conducted by Russian intelligence in support of Russian President Vladimir Putin's vision for a modern Eurasia in which NATO discontinues encroaching on Russia's sphere of influence and in which Russia ascends to regional hegemony.
Although unsuccessful, this covert operation—conducted by Russian intelligence working in conjunction with disaffected Russian partisans within Montenegro—to stymie NATO's expansion captures the essence of modern Russian hybrid warfare. Nevertheless, Montenegro is not unique, but instead is one of many recent hybrid conflicts propagated by the Russian government. Speaking on the spectre of Russian operations in Eastern Europe, American general Michael Williamson commented, ‘In terms of state-based challenges, Russia's purported annexation of Crimea and invasion of Ukraine demonstrated a sophisticated combination of diplomatic, informational, military, and economic means to achieve objectives below a threshold that the Russian leadership believe would elicit a concerted NATO response.’
Since 2008, Russia's operations throughout Europe, its Near Abroad and Syria signal an evolved approach to the conduct of war. Many terms and phrases have been attributed to Russia's evolved model of war to include Grey Zone conflict and new generation warfare. However, hybrid war or hybrid warfare is quite useful, despite the contention the term generates. The term hybrid warfare is useful because it speaks of the bundling of capabilities, technology and ideas in a coherent, purposeful manner to accomplish tactical, operational and strategic objectives on behalf of policymakers and strategists.
The work starting position is that the Russian hybrid warfare is in fact an applied way of war. Despite many arguments to the contrary, Russia's applied way of war introduces important nuances to the conduct of war. Resultantly, the purpose of this work is to clarify the concept of Russian hybrid warfare and to identify the characteristics that make it worthy of examination.
Two basic methods exist to explain an observable way of war. The first is to paraphrase existing primary source information on the subject. This method requires access to primary source information and the physical ability to read that material. That method is not employed in this work because access to Russian strategic and tactical doctrine is not readily available to the layperson. Furthermore, in many cases doctrine is a preferred way of war-fighting, a narrative and tied to procurement strategies, and thus, not an applied method. Therefore, merely relying on doctrine or policy statements can mislead the researcher about the true character of a given way of war.
That notwithstanding, the second method is to observe the phenomenon in multiple situations over a period of time. In doing so, the observer seeks to identify trends, inconsistencies, rules, relationships, reactions and boundaries that surface and recur therein and then generate an over-arching assessment about that phenomenon's boundaries and inner workings. That is the technique employed here.
The potential weaponization of Slavdom is a poorly researched topic in the literature on hybrid warfare, despite the Slavic dimension of NATO after several rounds of enlargement. Part of the reason ...is the traditionally reserved attitude of Russian authorities to the Slavic idea, which runs counter to the idealized supranational character of Russia and can incite domestic ethnic populism. Even though Moscow has not used this instrument so far, the historical record shows that it could do so at a later stage if its very existence is at stake. The instrumentalization of Slavic identity therefore requires attention, not only as an impending threat, but also as a potential catalyst for change on the Russian side.
Stalin was a master of deception, disinformation, and camouflage, by means of which he gained supremacy over China and defeated imperialism on Chinese soil. This book examines Stalin’s covert ...operations in his hunt for supremacy. By the late 1920s Britain had ceded place to Japan as Stalin’s main enemy in Asia. By seducing Japan deeply into China, Stalin successfully turned Japan’s aggression into a weapon of its own destruction. The book examines Stalin’s covert operations from the murder of the Manchurian warlord Zhang Zuolin in 1928 and the publication of the forged “Tanaka Memorial” in 1929, to Stalin’s hidden role in Japan’s invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the outbreak of all-out war between China and Japan in 1937, and Japan’s defeat in 1945. In the shadow of these and other events we find Stalin and his secret operatives, including many Chinese and Japanese collaborators, most notably Zhang Xueliang and Kōmoto Daisaku, the self-professed assassin of Zhang Zuolin. The book challenges accounts of the turbulent history of inter-war East Asia that have ignored or minimized Stalin’s presence and instead exposes and analyzes Stalin’s secret modus operandi, modernized as “hybrid war” in today’s Russia. The book is essential for students and specialists of Stalin, China, the Soviet Union, Japan, and East Asia.
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