The success rate of fractured instrument retrieval varies because it is dependent mainly on several factors including the visibility of the fractured instrument, the length of the fractured ...instrument in relation to the curvature of the canal and the techniques applied to each case. This review aims to update the present status on removal of fractured instruments to identify factors and variables that could affect the success of fractured instrument retrieval based on both the preparation techniques and the instrument retrieval techniques. On the other hand, future directions of fractured instrument retrieval should focus on management of nonvisible fractured instruments since the removal of those instruments is deemed unpredictable with the current techniques, whereas the removal of visible fractured instruments is considered predictable now. Another possible direction of it is that there might be no more instrument fracture due to possible significant changes in the root canal preparation technique which may dispense with the use of rotary instruments.
Improvising Across Abilities: Pauline Oliveros and the Adaptive Use Musical Instrument (AUMI) brings together scholars, musicians, and family members of people with disabilities to collectively ...recount years of personal experiences, research, and perspectives on the societal and community impact of inclusive musical improvisation. One of the lesser-known projects of composer, improviser, and humanitarian, Pauline Oliveros (1932–2016), the AUMI was designed as a liberating and affordable alternative to the constraints of instruments created only for normative bodies, thus opening a doorway for people of all ages, genders, abilities, races, and socioeconomic backgrounds to access artistic practice with others. More than a book about AUMI, this book is an invitation to readers to use AUMI in their own communities. This book, which contains wisdom from many who have been affected by their work with the instrument and the people who use it, is a representation of how music and extemporized performance have touched the lives and minds of scholars and families alike. Not only has AUMI provided the opportunity to grow in listening to others who may speak differently (or not at all), but it has been used as an avenue for a diverse set of people to build friendships with others whom they may have never otherwise even glanced at in the street. By providing a space for every person who comes across AUMI to perform, listen, improvise, and collaborate, the continuing development of this instrument contributes to a world in which every person is heard, welcomed, and celebrated.
The transitions that occurred in everyday life after the new "America" was created after the Revolutionary War are reflected in the type of wind music local amateur groups were performing. New ...composers began writing original works, always trying to wean themselves from the British musical traditions so imbedded in daily life. Selected works of Joseph Herrick, Oliver Shaw, Timothy Olmsted, William Whiteley, Ezekiel Goodale, and Henry E. Moore are analyzed and explored here. The present volume, which will appeal to music lovers and historians alike, traces the development of these new compositions found in available Instrumental Tutors, as well as the instruments most commonly used.
The iron(II) complex with cis,cis-1,3,5-tris(benzylamino)cyclohexane (Bnsub.3CY) (1) has been synthesized and characterized, which reacted with dioxygen to form the peroxo complex 2 in acetone at −60 ...°C. On the basis of spectroscopic measurements for 2, it was confirmed that the peroxo complex 2 has a trans-μ-1,2 fashion. Additionally, the peroxo complex 2 was reacted with benzoate anion as a bridging agent to give a peroxo complex 3. The results of resonance Raman and sup.1H-NMR studies supported that the peroxo complex 3 is a cis-μ-1,2-peroxodiiron(III) complex. These spectral features were interpreted by using DFT calculations.
Six new tirucallane-type triterpenoids, named munropenes A–F (1–6), were extracted from the whole plants of Munronia pinnata using a water extraction method. Their chemical structures were determined ...based on detailed spectroscopic data. The relative configurations of the acyclic structures at C-17 of munropenes A–F (1–6) were established using carbon–proton spin-coupling constants (sup.2,3Jsub.C,H) and inter-proton spin-coupling constants (sup.3Jsub.H,H). Furthermore, the absolute configurations of munropenes A–F (1–6) were determined through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analyses. The antiproliferative effects of munropenes A–F were evaluated in five tumor cell lines: HCT116, A549, HepG2, MCF7, and MDAMB. Munropenes A, B, D, and F (1, 2, 4, and 6) inhibited proliferation in the HCT116 cell line with ICsub.50 values of 40.90, 19.13, 17.66, and 32.62 µM, respectively.
A straightforward approach for the construction of the new class of conjugated pyrans based on enamination of 2-methyl-4-pyrones with DMF-DMA was developed. 2-(2-(Dimethylamino)vinyl)-4-pyrones are ...highly reactive substrates that undergo 1,6-conjugate addition/elimination or 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition/elimination followed by substitution of the dimethylamino group without ring opening. This strategy includes selective transformations leading to conjugated and isoxazolyl-substituted 4-pyrone structures. The photophysical properties of the prepared 4-pyrones were determined in view of further design of novel merocyanine fluorophores. A solvatochromism was found for enamino-substituted 4-pyrones accompanied by a strong increase in fluorescence intensity in alcohols. The prepared conjugated structures demonstrated valuable photophysical properties, such as a large Stokes shift (up to 204 nm) and a good quantum yield (up to 28%).
Polygonum multiflorum (PM) has been used as a tonic and anti-aging remedy for centuries in Asian countries. However, its application in the clinic has been hindered by its potential to cause liver ...injury and the lack of investigations into this mechanism. Here, we established a strategy using a network pharmacological technique combined with integrated pharmacokinetics to provide an applicable approach for addressing this issue. A fast and sensitive HPLC-QQQ-MS method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of five effective compounds (trans-2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside, emodin-8-O-β-d-glucoside, physcion-8-O-β-d-glucoside, aloe-emodin and emodin). The method was fully validated in terms of specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, extraction recovery, matrix effects, and stability. The lower limits of quantification were 0.125-0.500 ng/mL. This well-validated method was successfully applied to an integrated pharmacokinetic study of PM extract in rats. The network pharmacological technique was used to evaluate the potential liver injury due to the five absorbed components. Through pathway enrichment analysis, it was found that potential liver injury is primarily associated with PI3K-Akt, MAPK, Rap1, and Ras signaling pathways. In brief, the combined strategy might be valuable in revealing the mechanism of potential liver injury due to PM.
The purpose of our study was to determine the role of flower structure and nectar composition in shaping the reproductive success (RS) of the generalist orchid Epipactis helleborine in natural and ...anthropogenic populations. We supposed that the distinct character of two groups of habitats creates different conditions for plant-pollinator relationships, thus influencing reproductive success in E. helleborine populations. Both pollinaria removal (PR) and fruiting (FRS) were differentiated between the populations. On average, FRS was almost two times higher in the anthropogenic than in the natural populations. The difference between the two population groups in PR was smaller but still statistically significant. RS parameters were correlated with some floral display and flower traits. Floral display influenced RS only in three anthropogenic populations. Flower traits had a weak influence on RS (10 of the 192 cases analyzed). The more important trait in shaping RS was nectar chemistry. The nectar of E. helleborine is relatively diluted with a lower sugar concentration in the anthropogenic than in the natural populations. In the natural populations, domination of sucrose over hexoses was found, while in the anthropogenic populations, hexoses were more abundant and the participation of sugars was balanced. In some populations, sugars influenced RS. In E. helleborine nectar, 20 proteogenic and 7 non-proteogenic amino acids (AAs) were found with a clear domination of glutamic acid. We noted relationships between some AAs and RS, but distinct AAs shaped RS in different populations, and their impact was independent of their participation. Our results indicate that the flower structure and nectar composition of E. helleborine reflect its generalistic character and meet the requirements of a wide range of pollinators. Simultaneously, the differentiation of flower traits suggests a variation in pollinator assemblages in particular populations. Knowledge about the factors influencing RS in distinct habitats helps to understand the evolutionary potential of species and to understand mechanisms and processes crucial for shaping interactions between plants and pollinators.
The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5; PCL-5) is a widely used self-rated measure of DSM-5 PTSD ...symptoms. The goal of this systematic review was to synthesize research on the psychometric properties of the PCL-5 to guide clinical and research applications. We focused on reliability, validity, factor structure, optimal cutoff scores, and sensitivity to clinical change indices. A systematic review of the literature following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was conducted using PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and PTSDpubs with search terms capturing selected psychometric indices of the PCL-5. The inclusion criteria were: peer-reviewed publication in English; primary focus on the PCL-5 psychometrics; empirical study; and study with adult samples. The search yielded 265 studies; 56 articles (amounting to 64 studies) met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Findings generally indicated evidence for: acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability; construct validity; a seven-factor Hybrid Model; recommended cutoff scores between 31 and 33; and ability to index sensitivity to clinical change. To further advance knowledge and applications of the PCL-5, we need more research on abbreviated versions of the PCL-5, bi-factor modeling as applied to the PCL-5, as well as on PCL-5 item difficulty estimates, discrimination parameters, and clinical change score estimates.
Public Health Significance Statement
This study reviewed the literature on the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and found that it is an accurate and reliable measure for assessing PTSD symptom severity and diagnosis across a wide range of populations. This study can be used to inform appropriate and strategic use of the PCL-5. Accurate and reliable measurements of PTSD are necessary for detecting, intervening, and monitoring PTSD.
Eucalyptus urophydis E. grandis green wood with different lengths were dewatered using COsub.2 that was cyclically alternated between the supercritical fluid and gas phases. The results indicate that ...shorter specimens can be dewatered to below the fiber saturation point (FSP). There was no significant difference in the dewatering rate between the specimens of 20 and 50 mm in length. The dewatering was faster when the moisture content (MC) was over the FSP, leading to a greater gradient and a non-uniform distribution of moisture. The MC distributions in all specimens had no clear differences between in tangential and radial directions. Supercritical COsub.2 dewatering generated a different moisture gradient than conventional kiln drying. Most water was dewatered from the end-grain section of the wood along the fiber direction, but a small amount of water was also removed in the transverse directions. There was no deformation in the specimens when the MC was above the FSP.
