INTRODUCTIONWith the advent of mixed martial arts (MMA) growing in popularity, there has been a described increase in its participation. The term MMA generally describes the hybridization of combat ...disciplines including but not limited to: karate, judo, jiu-jitsu, wrestling, taekwondo, boxing, kickboxing, and Muay Thai. With increased participation in MMA and martial arts, differing physical demands are placed on participants. Due to the physical nature of combat sports, there are injuries associated with participation. The purpose of this study is to report the incidence and characteristics of injuries seen from various martial art disciplines presenting to United States Emergency Rooms in order to educate participants and providers alike about risks assumed with participating in martial arts.METHODSThe National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database was queried for martial arts-related injuries from 2009 to 2019. Cases were examined and data including patient age and gender, injury type and location, hospital disposition, and type of martial arts practiced were extracted.RESULTSA total of 8,400 injuries were recorded, leading to a national estimate of 310,143 martial-arts related injuries over the 11 year period of 2009-2019 (95 % CI 239,063-381,223). The most common types of injuries were strains/sprains (n = 2664, 31.7 %), fractures (n = 1,575, 18.8 %), and contusions/abrasions (n = 1,698, 20.2 %). There were 260 dislocations, with shoulder dislocations being most common (n = 96, 36.9 %). Lower extremities were affected more frequently than upper extremities (n = 3566, 42.5 % versus n = 3026, 36.0 %), with the knee being the single most common location of injury (n = 811, 9.7 %). Males more commonly sustained fractures (19.7 % versus 17.4 %, p = 0.03) and dislocations (3.5 % versus 2.4 %, p = 0.01) when compared to females. Ankle injuries were more common in females than males (10.4 % versus 6.0 %, p < 0.001). Only 2.2 % of patients required admission to the hospital. Risk factors for admission included patients >35 years of age and male sex.CONCLUSIONMartial arts injuries are a significant source of musculoskeletal injuries among patients presenting to US emergency rooms. Lower extremity injuries are seen most frequently, with patients rarely requiring hospital admission. Using this information, both providers and participants may be better equipped to make educated decisions on injury prevention and treatment.
Oriental martial arts has millions of fans around the world. Successfully develop and cultivate all styles of martial arts from Chinese Wushu to full contact Muetai, Kyokushinkai karate, and many ...others. Kyokushinkai Karate is one of the most popular types of martial arts, cultivated by more than 16 million people in 140 countries, which has a well-established training system, one of the elements of which is the development of specialized kata complexes. This is a formalized sequence of movements, combined on the principles of a duel with imaginary one or more opponents. The purpose of the study is to improve the special training of qualified Kyokushinkai karate athletes in the competitive discipline of Kumite with the use of kata complexes. The following research methods were used: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature; sociological methods (questionnaires); pedagogical observation; pedagogical testing, pedagogical experiment; medical and biological methods, and methods of mathematical statistics. The priority of the executioner "Sanchin" and "Tensho" as elements of special training and the significance of their impact on the physical condition of the athlete. The author's technique of training process with the use of kata complexes is developed and introduced, for the directed influence on separate indicators of the level of development of special physical qualities and functional state of karate. As a result of the use of kata in the preparation of qualified karate for Kumite in the athletes of the experimental group, there were significant positive changes in the level of development of special physical qualities and speed and strength indicators when performing many shock combinations. There was a statistically significant (p <0.05) increase in power and time parameters of complex, multi-stroke combinations "Shita Tsuki" - "Mavashi Tsuki" - 25.8%, "Shita Tsuki" - "Mavashi Tsuki" - "Mavashi Geri" - 28.4%).
Resumo O karate é uma luta originária de Okinawa, ilha ao sul do Japão. Historicamente, atravessou três períodos: a partir do século XVII, como bujutsu, técnica clandestina de luta; depois, como ...budo, quando foi convertido em luta tradicional japonesa, em fins do século XIX, propugnando valores educacionais e identitários; e finalmente, como esporte de luta, quando foi associado a performance motora e competitividade, no século XX. Ao considerar o papel do karate como veiculador de valores de um Japão idealizado – japonesidade –, este trabalho analisa representações cinematográficas dessa luta. A análise focou nos aspectos educativos retratados nos filmes, a série estadunidense The karate kid e o japonês Kuro obi, sendo conduzida conforme três categorias: a relação entre teoria e prática; ruídos e conflitos entre professor e aluno; e formação do aluno como futuro professor. Os resultados revelam que as obras criticam a esportivização do karate, enfatizando a representação de aspectos educacionais associados aos períodos do bujutsu e, principalmente, do budo. Também, colaboram para reafirmar e atualizar a japonesidade, ao tratar os princípios do budo e sua transmissão educacional de forma idealizada, sem aludir a seu caráter moderno. Ainda, os filmes apresentam divergências em relação à proposta contemporânea de uma pedagogia das lutas, fundamentada na ciência da motricidade humana. Por outro lado, as produções cinematográficas contribuem para a área educacional na medida em que possibilitam discussões a respeito dos processos formativos e seus percalços, retratados de forma original, recorrendo aos conceitos de yin/yang relacionados aos princípios zen-budistas do budo.
Abstract Karate is a fighting style that originated in Okinawa, an island in the south of Japan. Historically, it spans over three periods: from the seventeenth century, as bujutsu, a clandestine fighting technique; later, as budo, when it was turned into a traditional Japanese combat form in the late nineteenth century, promoting educational and identity values; and finally as a fighting sport, when it was associated with motor performance and competitiveness in the twentieth century. In considering the role of karate as a carrier of values of an idealized Japan – Japaneseness –, the present study analyzes representations of this fighting style in filming. The analysis focused on the educational aspects portrayed in the American film The Karate Kid (and its two sequels) and in the Japanese film Kuro Obi, being conducted according to three categories: the relationship between theory and practice; noises and conflicts between teacher and student; and student training as a future teacher. Results show that these cinematographic works criticize the sportivization of karate while emphasizing the representation of educational aspects associated with the periods of bujutsu and, specially, of budo. They also collaborate to reaffirm and actualize Japaneseness by treating the principles of budo and its educational transmission in an idealized way, without alluding to its modern form. Moreover, the films diverge from the contemporary proposal of a pedagogy of martial arts based on the science of human motricity. On the other hand, these cinematographic productions contribute to the educational area in that they allow discussions about educational processes and their mishaps, which are portrayed in an original way, using the concepts of yin/yang related to the Zen Buddhist principles of budo.
Background: The purpose of this research was the effect of mental and physical training during the training period on the metacognitive beliefs and sports performance of elite karate athletes. ...Methods: The statistical population of all the elite karate practitioners of Mashhad was between 17 and 20 years old, and 30 karate practitioners were randomly replaced in two groups of 15 people, physical-psychological training and control. The current research was of semi-experimental type and pre-test-post-test research design with control and experimental groups. In order to collect data, sports performance questionnaires and metacognitive beliefs (McQ_30) were used. After filling the questionnaires in the pre-test, the exercise program was implemented for 14 sessions of 90 minutes (every other day) for each group. During this period, the physical training group (control) only did physical training and did not receive any mental training. After the training sessions, the questionnaires were completed again. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) method was used to test the hypotheses. Results: The findings showed; Mental and physical exercises have a positive effect on the metacognitive beliefs and sports performance of elite karate athletes and have improved the cognitive beliefs and sports performance of the athletes. Conclusion: The conclusion is that the use of technical staff who are proficient in the field of sports psychology and training systems in all stages of an athlete's life can. In addition to the health of a sports community, it should lead the youth towards public sports and eventually become a champion athlete with a strong physical and psychological approach.
Background. There is limited knowledge on structure of performance in top-level karate kata competition. Problem and aim. The main goal of the study is to describe the type and frequency of performed ...katas at the Karate 1 competition and to analyse if different kata have different chances of resulting successfully in top level karate competition. Methods. All performed katas during eight Karate 1 Premiere leagues in year 2015 were recorded. Competitors’ country, sex, name of the performed kata, style of kata, score and results (win or lose) were recorded. Chi-square tests and the odds ratio were conducted. A total of 1,858 katas were performed (1,041 in the male and 817 in the female category). Results. The most performed kata was Anan from Shito Ryu style. Number of performed katas depends on the number of entries and top-level kata medallists had to perform between 5 and 7 katas. The most successful katas were not used very often and are from Shito Ryu style. They are short and dynamic Heiku, Pachu from Shito ryu style. The most unsuccessful katas are Gankaku and kata Chatanyara Kushanku, and Unsu. Conclusions. The usage of the more complicated and complex kata does not guarantee victory. Male and female competitors choose different katas.
Introduction: Genetic variation between individuals may include single nucleotide polymorphisms. These individual differences could change human phenotypes (such as skeletal structure, heart and lung ...size). Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a critical factor in growth and exercise-associated muscle development. In this study we analyzed the frequency of IGF-I rs35767 polymorphism in karate-Kas athletes to find whether there is a difference among professional, amateur athletes and non- Karate-Kas. Materials and methods: Two hundred and fifty-four athletes (95 professional Karate-Kas, and 159 amateur Karate-Kas) and 159 non-athletic healthy individuals participated in the current study. Following provision of informed consent, 2 mL of blood samples were taken. After DNA isolation, the genotyping frequencies of the IGF-I gene C/T polymorphism was assessed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Statistical analyses carried out using SPSS software (version 20) and data with P<0.05 were considered to be significant. Results: Frequency of T/T and C/T genotypes in comparison to C/C genotype was increased in professional Karate-Kas and amateur Karate-Kas versus to control volunteer (odd ratio > 1) however, was not significant. Odd ratios of T/T and T/C genotypes compared to C/C in professional group versus controls were 1.125 (95%CI: 0.556 - 2.275) and 1.034 (0.538 - 1.984), respectively. Also, odd ratio of T/T and T/C in amateur group versus controls were 1.002 (0.535 - 1.876) and 1.256 (0.715 - 2.205), respectively. Conclusion: The IGF-I gene C/T polymorphism is not significantly associated with the physical performance´s levels of karate-kas athletes in Iranian population.
Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of core stability exercises in the trunk area on lower limb alignment and lower and upper limb function in Kyokushin athletes. ...Methods: The statistical sample of the research included 30 female Kyokushin players aged 14-18 years, who were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The control group performed common Kyokushin exercises and the experimental group performed core stability exercises for 6 weeks. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and paired t-tests were used to compare between groups and within groups. Results: The results of the paired t-test showed a significant effect of training programs on changes in upper and lower limb function in both experimental and control groups (P≤0.05); however, a significant difference was observed between the pre-test and post-test in both control and experimental group. The test was not observed in the Q angle (P>0.05). The results of ANCOVA test showed that after controlling the effect of the pre-test, a significant difference was observed in lateral jump (P≤0.05) between the experimental and control groups. However, no difference was observed between the two groups in the changes of closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test (CKCUEST), square jump, and Q angle (P>0.05). Conclusion: Considering the nature of Kyokushin and the research results, it is suggested that people working in Kyokushin do not feel the need for core stability exercises separately.
Little is known about people's perceived benefits and risks of sports, despite their role in shaping people's intentions to engage in them. Here, we developed and tested a scale to measure perceived ...physical, emotional, cognitive, and social benefits as well as aggression-related risks of karate and football. Additionally, we compared these perceptions within and between these two sports, as well as among undergraduates with current/former participation in different types of physical activity (viz., martial artists, team sports players, participants in other types of physical activity, and non-participants). After a literature review, we created a 5-factor scale with 20 items administered to 184 undergraduates, along with questions about physical activity participation. After removing five items, confirmatory factor analyses supported the factor structure of the scale. Factor loadings and reliability indices were acceptable, though less than desirable results were found concerning the average variance extracted of all benefits dimensions and the reliability of the social benefits dimension. Analyses of variance showed that: (a) physical benefits were seen as the salient outcomes of karate and football, though martial artists perceived karate's physical, emotional, and social benefits to the same extent; (b) in comparison to football, karate was perceived to bring more emotional and cognitive benefits and to entail less aggressiveness risks; (c) karate and football perceptions varied as a function of participant's involvement in physical activity. This study presents a promising instrument to gather information on people's perceptions about karate and football, which can be used to foster people's engagement in them.
Background: Nowadays, many karate organizations hold their own competitions at various levels, up to and including the world championships. They are positioned as separate sports, although the ...content, rules and regulations of many of them differ only in details. A large number of similar sports versions of karate interfere with the correct understanding and objective assessment of karate in the modern world. Materials and Methods: Based on 40 years of practical experience in studying and teaching karate and on the results of his own research in 2019-2022, the author presents his point of view on the unification of sports versions of karate based on common systemic features into three separate sports. Like any sport, karate reflects the social phenomenon from which it originated. Using civilization-historical, functional and social approaches, the author suggests that the paradigm shifts in combat systems lead to the emergence of new forms that have deep systemic differences. Accordingly, these differences are also manifested in sports disciplines that have arisen on the basis of these forms. Results: Three forms of karate have a component with pronounced features of modern sport and form three systemically different competitive disciplines: 1) Style (Traditional) karate; 2) General karate; 3) Sports (Olympic) karate. The differences between them stem from the differences between the forms of karate from which they arose. Conclusions: Style, General and Sports karate are sports which require consideration in different paradigms. They are selfsufficient and equal in value and public demand.
The study aimed to identify the effect of a proposed training program for the foundation course of the basic skills and body composition of the members of karate clubs in the governorate of Jenin – ...Palestine. The researchers used the experimental approach due to its suitability to the nature and objectives of the study. To achieve this, the study was conducted on a carefully chosen sample of karate clubs (the Talented Academy of Physical Fitness and self Defense, Arrabah Karate Club and Zababdeh Karate Club). The sample consisted of 50 members, 10 of those members were of exploratory sample, and the rest 40 members were considered as a basic sample that had been divided randomly into two groups. 20 members of experimental group and 20 members of control group. The researchers used Tanita DC-360 P to measure body components and in addition to a set of tests that measure basic skills. The training program was applied for a period of (10) weeks with (3) training sessions per week. Each training session took (60) minutes. In addition, the statistical packages program was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there were differences among the members of the experimental group between the pre and post measurements of body composition and basic skills. The results also indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between the members of the experimental and control groups in the post-measurement of body composition, while the results showed that there were statistically significant differences in the post-measurement of basic skills in karate, which came in favor of the members of the experimental group. The researchers recommended to the need to take account of the training program proposed by the coaches of karate clubs (kata) in the West Bank, especially in the training phase for basic karate skills. هدفت الدراسة التعرف إلى أثر برنامج تدريبي مقترح للدورة التأسيسية على المهارات الأساسية وتركيب الجسم لدى منتسبي أندية الكاراتيه في محافظة جنين- فلسطين، واستخدم الباحثون المنهج التجريبي وذلك لملائمته لطبيعة وأهداف الدراسة، ولتحقيق ذلك أجريت الدراسة على عينة عمدية من أندية (أكاديمية الموهوبين للياقة البدنية والدفاع عن النفس، نادي عرابة للكاراتيه، نادي الزبابده للكاراتيه) حيث بلغت (50) منتسباً منها (10) منتسبين عينة استطلاعية و((40 منتسباً عينة أساسية، قسمت بشكل عشوائي لمجموعتين مجموعة تجريبية مكونة من ((20 منتسباً ومجموعة ضابطة مكونة من ((20 منتسباً، واستخدم الباحثون جهاز التانيتا (Tanita DC-360) لقياس مكونات الجسم ومجموعة من الاختبارات التي تقيس المهارات الأساسية وطبق عليهم البرنامج التدريبي لمدة (10) أسابيع بواقع ثلاث حصص تدريبية أسبوعياً زمن كل حصة تدريبية (60) دقيقة، وتم استخدام برنامج الرزم الإحصائية (SPSS) لتحليل البيانات. أظهرت النتائج وجود فروق لدى أفراد المجموعة التجريبية بين القياسين القبلي والبعدي في مكونات تركيب الجسم والمهارات الأساسية، كما أشارت إلى عدم وجود فروق دالة إحصائياً بين أفراد المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة في القياس البعدي لمكونات تركيب الجسم، بينما أظهرت النتائج وجود فروق دالة إحصائياً في القياس البعدي للمهارات الأساسية في الكاراتيه وجاءت لصالح أفراد المجموعة التجريبية. وأوصى الباحثون بضرورة الاسترشاد بالبرنامج التدريبي المقترح من قبل مدربي أندية الكاراتيه (الكاتا) في الضفة الغربية خاصة في مرحلة التدريب على مهارات رياضة الكاراتيه الأساسية.
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