This study aims to explore experiences of two big LAZs in Indonesia, namely Lazis Based on Islamic Organization X and Rumah Zakat in complying requirements as a good governance Lazis, with reference ...to Religion Ministerial Decree (Keputusan Menteri Agama/KMA) 333/2015 about Guidance on Giving Permit Establishment of Amil Zakat Institute and Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (PSAK) No. 109 on Accounting for Zakat and Infak/Alms. Specifically, this study was conducted with interview and observation techniques. Object observations are: Legality, Organizational Structure, Human Resource Quality, Work Program Planning, Implementation Work, Data Management, and Reporting. This study indicate hat there are several points of the requirements that become obstacles, namely: Registered as an Islamic social institution that manages the field of education, da'wah and social or institutional bodies law, Having a planned program plan and trstruktur, Have the technical, administrative and financial skills to carry out its activities, Have state health insurance (BPJS) and employment or other insurance for its employees, and able to raise funds at least 50 billion for LAZNAS. From the various obstacles that arise, the two LAZ has a similar pattern in solving them, namely by adopting the practice of New Public Management for the management and governance of Lazis can run well. In addition, synergy with various parties, such as academics and NGOs, and utilize the progress of information technology by building an e-donation system to optimize the collection of zakat and infaq potentials from various regions in Indonesia. The results of this study are expected to be an input for other LAZ in improving the quality of management and governance, especially related to the filing of legality to the Ministry of Religious Affairs of Indonesia regulated in KMA 333 2015.
POSSESSOR DATIVES IN PAZAR LAZ Öztürk, Balkiz
Revue roumaine de linguistique,
01/2019, Letnik:
64, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The aim of this paper is to analyze the internal structure of possessor dative constructions in Pazar Laz. We will argue that possessor datives constitute high applicatives in terms of Pylkkänen ...(2008)'s criteria. We will further show that they do not pattern with raising possessor applicatives found in languages like Hebrew or German (Landau 1999 and Lee-Schoenfeld 2005), but they are benefactive/malefactive arguments of the verb which acquire the possessive reading by binding an anaphoric element in the possessee in the lines of Borer and Grodzinsky (1986).
How Americans came to fear street crime too much—and corporate crime too little How did the United States go from being a country that tries to rehabilitate street criminals and prevent white-collar ...crime to one that harshly punishes common lawbreakers while at the same time encouraging corporate crime through a massive deregulation of business? Why do street criminals get stiff prison sentences, a practice that has led to the disaster of mass incarceration, while white-collar criminals, who arguably harm more people, get slaps on the wrist—if they are prosecuted at all? In Who Are the Criminals?, one of America's leading criminologists provides new answers to these vitally important questions by telling how the politicization of crime in the twentieth century transformed and distorted crime policymaking and led Americans to fear street crime too much and corporate crime too little.John Hagan argues that the recent history of American criminal justice can be divided into two eras--the age of Roosevelt (roughly 1933 to 1973) and the age of Reagan (1974 to 2008). A focus on rehabilitation, corporate regulation, and the social roots of crime in the earlier period was dramatically reversed in the later era. In the age of Reagan, the focus shifted to the harsh treatment of street crimes, especially drug offenses, which disproportionately affected minorities and the poor and resulted in wholesale imprisonment. At the same time, a massive deregulation of business provided new opportunities, incentives, and even rationalizations for white-collar crime—and helped cause the 2008 financial crisis and subsequent recession.The time for moving beyond Reagan-era crime policies is long overdue, Hagan argues. The understanding of crime must be reshaped and we must reconsider the relative harms and punishments of street and corporate crimes. In a new afterword, Hagan assesses Obama's policies regarding the punishment of white-collar and street crimes and debates whether there is any evidence of a significant change in the way our country punishes them.
In this study, the problem of input–output finite-time stabilisation of linear time-varying systems is dealt with. The classical definition of input-output finite-time stability (IO-FTS) is extended ...to that one of structured IO-FTS, which allows to incorporate, in the definition of the stabilisation problem, some amplitude constraints on the control input variables. A sufficient condition and a necessary and sufficient condition for structured IO finite-time stabilisation are provided in the case of L∞ and L2 inputs, respectively. Such conditions require the existence of a solution to a certain differential linear matrix inequality. The theory is applied to design the active suspension control system for a two-degree-of-freedom quarter-car model.
This study is concerned with an L∞ filtering problem for non-linear systems with persistent bounded disturbances and intermittent measurements. The non-linear plant is represented by the ...Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy model that is employed to approximate the non-linear dynamic systems. The system measurements may be unavailable at any sample time and the probability of the occurrence of missing data is assumed to be known. In this study, to design the L∞ fuzzy filter with the estimation error, the estimation error because of persistent bounded disturbance is minimised by some linear matrix inequalities and the filter error system is stochastically stable in the mean square. A stochastic variable satisfying the Bernoulli random binary distribution is utilised to model the phenomenon of the missing data. Finally, the results indicate that the proposed method attenuates the peak of estimation error and preserves a guaranteed L∞-gain performance.
The authors consider a class of non-linear systems preceded by unknown backlash-like hysteresis. Unlike other schemes dealing with hysteresis, the non-linear systems of this study not only involve ...unknown parameters but also take non-linear terms linear in the unmeasured states into account. An adaptive output feedback controller by utilising a modified high-gain observer and backstepping approach is proposed, which is able to mitigate the effects of the hysteresis, and guarantee the global stability of the closed-loop system and the arbitrarily small steady-state tracking error. Moreover, it is proved that by introducing an initialisation technique, the ℒ∞ tracking performance can be achieved.
A note on language contact: Laz language in Turkey Akkuş, Mehmet
The international journal of bilingualism : cross-disciplinary, cross-linguistic studies of language behavior,
08/2019, Letnik:
23, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Classified as an endangered language, the Laz language is spoken in a restricted area by a small number of speakers. The contact between Turkish and Laz is intense and unidirectional in that the ...latter is only restrained to communication among family members in small speech communities. Contact-induced change, which is an inevitable outcome of Turkish-Laz contact, is investigated by placing special emphasis on loanwords. This paper, thus, addresses the contact between Turkish and the Laz language at lexical level and aims to examine whether the existence of Turkish nouns as loanwords in the Laz language is due to contact-induced language change with a culture-heavy loanword transmission or to gradual language loss. The data analysis reveals that these alterations can be divided into four major categories which are i) treatment of vowels, ii) treatment of consonants, iii) direct insertion, and iv) loanblends. The results show that nouns that are transmitted from Turkish into the Laz language undergo phonological and morphological alterations. The contact-induced change in the Laz language is probably due to historical process, lack of knowledge of the Laz language among the young generation and the dominance of Turkish language in social and educational setting. The study is original as it is the first attempt to examine the contact-induced change at lexical level in addition to studies by İmer (1997) and Kutcher (2008) investigating contact between Turkish and the Laz languages. The findings of the study are limited to contact-induced changes taking place in nouns transmitted from Turkish into the Laz language. Therefore, further research is needed to shed light on changes in other lexical categories like adjectives, adverbs, verbs, and so on.
Recent atrocities have insured that terrorism and how to deal with terrorists legally and politically has been the subject of much discussion and debate on the international stage. This book presents ...a study of changes in the legal treatment of those perpetrating crimes of a political character over several decades. It most centrally deals with the political offence exception and how it has come to have changed. The book looks at this change from an international perspective with a particular focus on the United States. Interdisciplinary in approach, it examines the fields of terrorism and political crime from legal, political science and criminological perspectives. It will be of interest to a broad range of academics and researchers, as well as to policy-makers involved in creating new anti-terrorist policies.
Most studies on childhood health and human capital in developing countries examine how early childhood linear growth relates to later human productivity as reflected in schooling success. Work status ...is another important human capital outcome related to early child health. This study examines the relationship of linear growth restriction at 2 years of age to work status in young adults who have, for the most part completed their schooling and further explores whether this relationship differs by gender. The analysis sample of 1795 was drawn from participants in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey, which followed individuals from birth to age 20–22 years. Work status in 2005 was represented by three categories: not working, working in an informal job, and working in a formal job. Formal work in the Philippines, as in most countries, is associated with regular hours, higher wages and benefits. Analyses were stratified by gender and current school enrolment, and adjusted for socioeconomic status and attained years of schooling. Among males no longer in school, higher length-for-age
Z-score (LAZ) at age 2 was associated with a 40% increase in likelihood of formal work compared to not working. In females, each 1 unit increase in LAZ was associated with 0.2 higher likelihood of formal vs. informal work. No significant associations were observed in the small sample of young adults still in school. To improve job prospects of young adults, it is important to provide proper nutrition in early childhood and adequate educational opportunities during schooling years.
Das Gerichtswesen der spätmittelalterlichen Stadt erscheint in vieler Hinsicht rätselhaft: Trotz reger Bautätigkeit tagten die Gerichte zumeist im Freien; wenngleich die Kommunen schon früh eine ...elaborierte Schriftlichkeit nutzten, fand das Prozessgeschehen meist mündlich statt, und obwohl der Rat nicht selten promovierte Juristen als Schreiber in Dienst nahm, urteilten an seinen Gerichten ausschließlich Laien. Das Buch unternimmt den Versuch, diese und andere Phänomene zu plausibilisieren, indem es sie auf die Leitunterscheidung von Zugehörigkeit und Nicht-Zugehörigkeit zurückführt. Als empirische Grundlage dient das umfangreiche Quellenmaterial der Stadt Köln, dass zur Zeit der Abfassung der Studie noch verfügbar war.
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