Taking turns in continuous time Zhao, Shuchen
Journal of economic behavior & organization,
11/2021, Letnik:
191
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This paper examines the impact of continuous-time interactions on the dynamics of repeated battle of the sexes games with laboratory experiments. In discrete time, players often coordinate by ...alternating each period between the two pure Nash equilibria. In continuous time, players can respond more quickly but must contend with a very rich strategy space and with the lack of a natural coordination device. The experiment also examines a new hybrid-time environment that runs in continuous time but offers a discrete payoff-irrelevant signal. The results suggest that the hybrid signal device greatly facilitates both coordination and alternation. Players generally tend to alternate asynchronously in continuous time, and the transitions between pure Nash equilibria are mainly driven by the “disadvantaged player”.
A series of experiments have shown recently that several auroral lines are polarized, when observed from the ground. However, this polarization may be caused by indirect light sources (from the ...ground or the sky) scattered in the lower atmosphere by Rayleigh and Lorenz‐Mie scattering, or during the crossing of the ionospheric current sheets. Here, we present polarization measurements of the N2+ ${N}_{2}^{+}$ blue (427.8 nm) and purple (391.4 nm) emissions in a laboratory confined setting that excludes any light pollution or scattering. We show that both lines are polarized, at a level comparable to that of the natural auroral observations. Our results furthermore show that the Degree of Linear Polarization depends on the magnetic conditions. This set of experiments confirms in a controlled environment the polarization of auroral emissions and constitutes a strong evidence in favor of auroral emission already polarized in the upper atmosphere.
Plain Language Summary
We prove through a laboratory experiment the existence of the auroral polarization. We also show that this polarization is created at the emission itself and not during its travel through the atmosphere.
Key Points
We reproduce in confined laboratory conditions the auroral blue and purple ionospheric emissions
The Degree of Linear Polarization depends on the magnetic conditions and is similar to that observed in the aurorae
We conclude that part of the observed auroral lights polarization is created at the emission
Experiments in finance Kirchler, Michael; Weitzel, Utz
Journal of banking & finance,
September 2023, 2023-09-00, Letnik:
154
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Although almost nonexistent until the 1980s, experiments in Finance have gained ever growing popularity in recent years. In 2021, the Journal of Banking and Finance launched a Special Issue ...“Experiments in Finance”. We introduce the field Experimental Finance and review the selected papers of the Special Issue. We conclude with implications and an outlook for experiments in finance (and experiments in general), particularly focusing on approaches for scientific robustness, open science, and meta-science.
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a vibrational spectroscopic technique useful in chemical, pharmaceutical, and forensic sciences. It is essential to identify chemicals for reasons spanning from ...scientific research and academic practices to quality control in companies. However, in some university degrees, graduate students do not get the proficiency to optimize the experimental parameters to obtain the best IR spectra; to correlate the IR spectral bands with the molecular vibrations (chemical elucidation); to have some criteria for any substance identification (especially relevant in quality control to recognize counterfeit); and to apply chemometrics for comparing, visualizing, and classifying the IR spectra. This work presents an experimental laboratory practice for an introductory teaching of the IR instrumental conditions in the identification of substances based on visual spectra comparison and statistical analysis and matching. Then, the selected IR conditions are applied to different commercial drugs, in the solid state or in solution, mostly composed of acetaminophen. Finally, the students apply chemometrics analysis to the IR data. This practice was designed for the training in a chemistry subject for undergraduate students of the chemistry, pharmacy, or forensics degrees, among others related to science, medical, food, or technological sciences.
In a volunteer's dilemma, only one “volunteer” is needed to obtain a benefit for all. Volunteering is costly, and the symmetric Nash equilibrium involves randomization. These predictions have the ...intuitive property that volunteer rates decline with larger groups, but surprisingly, the probability of obtaining no volunteers is increasing with group size, even as the number of players goes to infinity. These predictions are evaluated in a laboratory experiment with a range of group sizes. Observed volunteer rates are lower with larger groups, as predicted, but the incidence of no-volunteer outcomes declines with group size, in contrast to theory. This reduction in no-volunteer outcomes for large groups can be explained by a one-parameter generalization of the Nash equilibrium that adds quantal response “noise” due to unobserved random effects. Significant individual heterogeneity in observed volunteer rates motivates the estimation of a heterogeneous equilibrium model with a distribution of propensities for volunteering.
Laboratory experiments have shown that the b value in the size distribution of acoustic emission events decreases linearly with differential stress. There have been a number of observations that ...indicate that this relation may also hold for earthquakes. Here using a simple frictional strength model for stresses in the continental lithosphere combined with earthquake b values measured as a function of depth in a wide variety of tectonic regions, we verify and calibrate that relation, finding b = 1.23 ± 0.06 − (0.0012 ± 0.0003)(σ1 − σ3), where the stress difference (σ1 − σ3) is in megapascal. For subduction zones, we find that b value correlates linearly with the slab pull force and with the net reduction of plate interface normal force, both of which also indicate a negative linear relation between b value and differential stress.
Key Points
The relationship between b value and stress is verified and calibrated
Subduction zone b values correlate with plate tectonic forces
The b value can be used to map variations in stress
► We investigate the effect of cognitive load on Dictator game giving. ► The cognitive load is intended to enhance the influence of affect on behavior. ► Subjects in a high cognitive load condition ...are more generous. ► Our results underscore the importance of affect for altruistic behavior.
We investigate the impact of affect and deliberation on other-regarding decisions. In our laboratory experiment subjects decide on a series of mini-Dictator games while under varying degrees of cognitive load. Cognitive load is intended to decrease deliberation and therefore enhance the influence of affect on behavior. In each game subjects have two options: they can decide between a fair and an unfair allocation. We find that subjects in a high-load condition are more generous – they more often choose the fair allocation than subjects in a low-load condition. The series of mini-Dictator games also allows us to investigate how subjects react to the games’ varying levels of advantageous inequality. Low-load subjects react considerably more to the degree of advantageous inequality. Our results underscore the importance of affect for basic altruistic behavior and deliberation in adjusting decisions to a given situation.
Experiments complement other methods in identifying causal relationships and measuring behavioral deviations from theoretical predictions. While the experimental method has long been central in many ...scientific disciplines, it was almost nonexistent in finance until the 1980s. To survey the development of experiments in finance, we compiled a comprehensive account of experimental studies published in the Journal of Finance, Journal of Financial Economics, Review of Financial Studies, Review of Finance, Journal of Quantitative and Financial Analysis, and Journal of Banking and Finance, and experimental finance studies published in the top 5 journals in economics. With this novel dataset, we identified historical trends in experimental finance. Since the first experiments were published in finance journals in the 1980s, especially in the last 20 years, the share of experimental publications in these journals has markedly increased. In this article, we report trends toward descriptive, individual decision, and field experiments.
How new subduction zones form is an emerging field of scientific research with important implications for our understanding of lithospheric strength, the driving force of plate tectonics, and Earth's ...tectonic history. We are making good progress towards understanding how new subduction zones form by combining field studies to identify candidates and reconstruct their timing and magmatic evolution and undertaking numerical modeling (informed by rheological constraints) to test hypotheses. Here, we review the state of the art by combining and comparing results coming from natural observations and numerical models of SI. Two modes of subduction initiation (SI) can be identified in both nature and models, spontaneous and induced. Induced SI occurs when pre-existing plate convergence causes a new subduction zone to form whereas spontaneous SI occurs without pre-existing plate motion when large lateral density contrasts occur across profound lithospheric weaknesses of various origin. We have good natural examples of 3 modes of subduction initiation, one type by induced nucleation of a subduction zone (polarity reversal) and two types of spontaneous nucleation of a subduction zone (transform collapse and plumehead margin collapse). In contrast, two proposed types of subduction initiation are not well supported by natural observations: (induced) transference and (spontaneous) passive margin collapse. Further work is therefore needed to expand on and understand the implications of these observations. Our future advancing understanding of SI will come from better geologic insights, laboratory experiments, and numerical modeling, and with improving communications between these communities.
Display omitted
•Progress in our understanding of how new subduction zones form is reviewed.•3 ways that new subduction zones formed are presented: polarity reversal, transform collapse, and plume margin collapse.•Future advances in both 2D and 3D numerical modeling expected
Many-player divide-the-dollar (DD) games have been a workhorse in the theoretical and experimental analysis of multilateral bargaining. If we deal with a loss or consider many-player ...divide-the-penalty (DP) games, the theoretical predictions are not simply those from DD games with the sign flipped. We show that the stationary stage-undominated equilibrium (SSUE) is no longer unique in payoffs. The most “egalitarian” equilibrium among the stationary equilibria is a mirror image of the essentially unique SSUE in the Baron–Ferejohn model. That equilibrium's allocations are sensitive to changes in parameters, while the most “unequal” equilibrium is less affected by such changes. Experimental evidence supports the most unequal equilibrium: Most of the approved proposals under a majority rule involve an extreme allocation of the loss to a few members. Other observations such as no delay, the proposer advantage, and the acceptance rate are also consistent with predictions based on the most unequal equilibrium.
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