Actualization is traditionally seen as the process following syntactic reanalysis whereby an item's new syntactic status manifests itself in new syntactic behavior. The process is gradual in that ...some new uses of the reanalyzed item appear earlier or more readily than others. This article accounts for the order in which new uses appear during actualization. Five corpus-based case studies are presented involving reanalysis and actualization in different functional domains of grammar. These include the reanalysis of all but, far from, and Dutch verre van to adverbial downtoners, and the reanalysis of fun and key from nouns to adjectives. It is shown that actualization proceeds from one environment to another on the basis of similarity relations between environments. The similarity relations may involve broad syntactic generalizations but also superficial similarities to existing patterns, including even an item's uses prior to reanalysis. Because actualization is guided by local and global analogies to existing uses, one determinant of the course of actualization is the locus of reanalysis, as it defines the first uses of an item under change, on which subsequent uses can be modeled. It also follows that the course of actualization is both item-specific and language-specific. The findings presented challenge the concept of reanalysis, which appears less abrupt than usually assumed. Further, it is argued that the findings fit best with usage-based models of language, which attribute a prominent role to similarity-based organization in grammar, and in which an item's use can be subject to multiple, potentially conflicting generalizations.
Abstract
This article documents the historical development and synchronic variation of so-called “/h/ insertion” (/h/ before vowel-initial words such as
apple
,
under
, etc.). It argues that the ...maintenance of /h/ insertion in post-colonial English varieties around the world provides an ideal opportunity for research on language change under dialect contact scenarios involving British donors and other dialects. After an assessment of regional distribution patterns in current World Englishes, I present some first findings from a large-scale quantitative analysis of Tristan da Cunha English, where /h/ insertion, firmly attested yet nearing obsolescence in British English, has survived into the 21st century. The quantitative analysis provides important insights into donor attribution and competition-selection processes that accompany dialect contact and koinéization, with special reference to theoretical concepts such as colonial lag, feature pool formation and founder effects. A holistic application of the concept of colonial lag to post-colonial English varieties needs to be refined and critically assessed. I argue that entire linguistic systems (in the form of koinés) are not conservative as such but that arrested language (and dialect) change operates on a feature-specific level instead.
Artikkeli käsittelee kielen natiivihallintaa ja sen huomioimista sosiolingvistisessä meneillään olevan kielenmuutoksen tutkimuksessa. Artikkelissa tarkastellaan iän ja koulutuksen suhteen ...vertaistettujen nuorten aikuisten kielenhallintaa ja keskitytään derivaatiomorfologian hallintaan. Aineistona on yliopiston pääsykoe, jossa testattiin kielen eri osa-alueita. Pääsykokeeseen kuului derivaatiotesti, jossa piti tunnistaa mahdottomia, mahdollisia ja esiintyviä johdoksia. Kielenhallinnan arviointi perustuu pääsykokeen suoriutumistuloksiin ja ylioppilastutkinnon painotettuihin todistuspistemääriin. Tutkimuksen mukaan ylioppilaskokeen pistemäärä ennusti kokelaan suoriutumista mahdollisten johdosten tunnistuksessa tilastollisesti merkitsevästi. Laadulliseen tarkasteluun otettiin kausatiivi-, passiivi- ja teonnimijohdokset. Näiden hallinnassa havaittiin selkeää vaihtelua ja erilaisia tunnistusstrategioita. Tulosten perusteella nuorten aikuisten kielenhallinta vaihtelee, ja tällä voi olla vaikutuksia kielenmuutoksen tutkimustuloksiin. Mikäli kielenhallintaa ei tutkimuksissa kontrolloida, saatetaan yhteisölliseksi muutokseksi laskea tekijöitä, jotka todellisuudessa heijastavat kehityksellisiä tai hallinnallisia tekijöitä.
A redução da preposição para em relação à palavra precedente Huback, Ana Paula
DELTA. Documentação de estudos em lingüística teórica e aplicada/DELTA. Documentação de estudos em linguística teórica e aplicada,
2022, Letnik:
38, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
RESUMO Neste artigo, analisa-se a redução da preposição para a pra no português brasileiro em sequências de (palavra anterior + para ou pra). O Corpus LAEL de língua falada foi adotado para fazer ...buscas por essas sequências. Considerando-se as 30 sequências mais frequentes de (palavra anterior + para ou pra), análises estatísticas foram realizadas para observar que fatores interferiam nessa redução. Os conceitos de frequência da sequência (Krug 1998, 2003, Bush 2001), frequência relativa (Torres Cacoullos 2006) e frequência de ocorrência (Bybee 2002a, 2002b, 2006) foram utilizados para verificar se a repetição das palavras em alguma dessas formas desempenhava algum papel nas sequências em que para se reduz a pra. Observou-se que a frequência relativa favorece a redução de para a pra, juntamente com classe de palavra, número de sílabas e tonicidade. A partir desse fenômeno, discute-se a possível estocagem de sequências de duas ou mais palavras no léxico mental dos falantes, bem como as consequências disso para processos de variação e mudança linguística.
ABSTRACT This article analyzes the reduction of the preposition para (to, for) to pra in Brazilian Portuguese. Sequences of (previous word + para or pra) selected from a corpus of spoken language were statistically analyzed to understand which factors could be playing a role in this reduction. A statistical analysis of the 30 most frequent sequences of (previous word + para or pra) was carried out to identify the factors that seem to influence this reduction. The concepts of string frequency (Krug 1998, 2003, Bush 2001), relative frequency (Torres Cacoullos 2006), and token frequency (Bybee 2002a, 2002b, 2006) were adopted to verify whether frequency of usage in any of these forms would influence the reduction. Results show that relative frequency favors the reduction of para to pra, alongside word class, number of syllables, and stressed syllable. Based on this analysis, the lexical storage of multiword sequences is discussed, along with its effects for processes of language variation and change.
Neste artigo, nosso objetivo é reinterpretar o processo de mudança das construções pronominais a gente e você do português brasileiro (PB), à luz do quadro teóricosmetodológico dos Modelos Baseados ...no Uso da Língua (BYBEE, 2010; TRAUGOTT; TROUSDALE, 2013). A partir de evidências diacrônicas disponíveis em trabalhos de outros autores (CINTRA, 1972; LOPES, 2003; FARACO, 1996; MENON, 1996, dentre outros), e de dados reais do português brasileiro falado no interior paulista (GONÇALVES, 2007), defendemos que, após as duas construções integrarem a rede de pronomes pessoais, elas desencadeiam mudanças pós-construcionalização, passando a integrar também a rede de indeterminação de sujeito. As mudanças pós-construcionalização de você e a gente decorrem de mudanças sintáticas que o novo paradigma pronominal acarreta na gramática do PB.
O objetivo deste artigo é tratar de duas possíveis trajetórias de mudança geradoras de marcadores discursivos (MD) no português, em específico, marcadores de base verbal. À primeira, encabeçada por ...Thompson e Mulac (1991) e bastante aceita em estudos sobre o tema, será relacionada uma segunda, advinda de Brinton (1996, 2008, 2017). Esboçando uma possível associação a quadro de mudança mais recente, contemplado pelos estudos da gramática de construções diacrônica (TRAUGOTT; TROUSDALE, 2013), apontamos a diferença entre reanálise e neoanálise dentro das trajetórias levantadas. Utilizamos o verbo crerMD para a demonstração de uma outra análise acerca da mudança linguística envolvendo o percurso verbo > marcador. Nossos encaminhamentos são no sentido de considerar outras fontes para a emergência de marcadores de base verbal, diferentes das que são mais amplamente defendidas até o momento.
Purpose: Early language difficulties are associated with later internalizing problems across different ages and for different aspects of language. The mechanisms behind this association are, however, ...less understood. In the current study, we investigated longitudinal associations between language difficulties at 5 years and internalizing problems at 6 years. We also examined emotion regulation, empathy, assertiveness, and social engagement at 6 years as possible pathways for this association. Method: A subsample from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) was used (N = 928). Structural equation models were developed to test the longitudinal associations and indirect pathways between language and internalizing problems. Results: The results showed high stability for internalizing problems from 5 to 6 years (beta = 0.59, p < 0.001). Furthermore, semantic language difficulties predicted change in internalizing problems (beta = 0.12, p < 0.001). Finally, the path between semantic language and internalizing problems was partially mediated by social engagement and emotion regulation, with the indirect pathways accounting for 55% of the initial association. For girls, there was a significantly stronger correlation (p < 0.05) between semantic language difficulties and internalizing problems at baseline (r = 0.30, p < 0.001) than for boys (r = 0.16, p < 0.001). Otherwise, there were no sex differences. Conclusions: Indirect pathways from language difficulties to internalizing problems were identified through social engagement and emotion regulation. The results may guide targets for intervention in groups of children with language difficulties at risk for developing internalizing problems.
This is a commentary on George Walkden and Anne Breitbarth's paper "Complexity as L2-difficulty: Implications for syntactic change" (same journal issue).
This analysis aims to study linguistic change throughout fotms and formulas of address which, historically, have operated in Spanish as markers of social change. It works with an epistolary corpus ...relative to the last decades of the 19th century and the first part of the 20th. In previous works (Molina Martos 2020), progress of tuteo was illustrated to the detriment of the pronoun usted taking the city of Madrid as the focus of linguistic innovation. In this study, results of that analysis are picked up, adding the following aspects: (1) nominal forms and address formulas; (2) stylistic variation of the epistolary corpus; (3) gender, age and social class variation. The aim of this new study is to complete the analysis with all the elements that make up the address system by examining them from a social and stylistic perspective in order to understand how the change occurred and what the linguistic levels were from-which the innovation spread in the first place.
This study empirically tests the hypothesis of the influence of intense interdialectal contact in American Spanish, using the methods of historical sociolinguistics applied to a corpus made up of ...texts of communicative immediacy. By comparing six phenomena of language variation and change between samples written by Spaniards in Spain and by emigrants in America - and, in each of these two areas, at two different historical moments - the results show singularly identical patterns of variation on both sides of the Atlantic during the classical period. Conversely, some of these phenomena exhibit changes related to the dialectal context in later stages. Then, the old vernacular variants still find a privileged channel among the American social groups most detached from the new prestige norms coming from Spain (lower-middle ranks); just the opposite of what happens among the social elites, who participate in these norms in a similar sense on both sides.
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