•Enhanced geometric and multi-scale deep edge features were fused to locate 3D lines.•Hierarchical topological optimization was performed to refine the 3D lines.•The proposed method improved the ...Completeness and Correctness of the structure lines extracted from large-scale point clouds collected in complex urban environment.
As the most common primitives, line segments play an essential role in the vectorized reconstruction of artificial scenes. In this paper, a geometric feature enhanced line extraction method with Hierarchical Topological Optimization is proposed to extract line segments from large-scale point clouds. Firstly, 3D projection plane regions are extracted from point clouds using region growing and merging; Secondly, the point clouds in the detected planar region are projected onto 2D grids for efficiently geometry features enhanced line detection. Specifically, the edge feature index of each point inside each projection grid is calculated and fused to represent the edge-geometry enhanced feature. The likelihood of edge presenting on the projection grids is produced using a pre-trained convolutional neural network that combines multi-scale edge locating outputs. Then, line segments on the projected edge maps are extracted by the MCMLSD algorithm and further back-projected into 3D space to form the 3D line segment candidates. Thirdly, the hierarchical topological relationships between the contour and line segments are used to optimize the candidate 3D line segments. The optimization process consists of merging perceptually accurate 3D line segments, closing the contour line based on the contour and merging plane intersection lines based on line segments. The point clouds of seven large-scale outdoor scenes from the Semantic 3D and WHU-TLS public datasets are selected for qualitative and quantitative evaluations. Experiments show that the proposed approach can efficiently extract line segments that represent the geometric characteristics of the scenes comprehensively and accurately. Compared with the SOTA line segments extraction algorithms (i.e., Lu et al. (2019), Zhang et al. (2020a)), the proposed method filters out major miscellaneous/broken lines and extract more complete line segments. The Completeness and Correctness of the line segments extraction results reach 86% on average compared with manual labeled ground truth (dl, ds: 0.5,0.5), at an average processing speed of 25,000 points per second.
The article explores the methods and potential applications of terrestrial laser scanning technology. It also presents the preliminary results of scanning the Bijambare cave, where a georeferenced ...three-dimensional model of the cave's interior was created. This model, based on available data, stands as the first accurate 3D representation of a speleological object in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first section of the paper provides a brief overview of the Bijambare cave area and the laser scanning technology employed, highlighting its advantages over other geodetic measurement techniques. Subsequently, the text delves into the stages of the measurement processing, followed by an examination of the various products generated. The practical significance of these products is illustrated using the example of the Bijambare cave.
The paper describes the analysis of the quasi-cross vaults in Ostia, which provide the new evidence that can either fill gaps in our understanding or simply add to how the Roman constructed the ...vaults. The first part deals with the typologies of construction methods applied in the vaults. The second part is the reconstruction of the quasi-cross vault’s centering while curing in the construction process, focusing on their intersectional lines onto orthogonal projection.
Keratomycosis is a serious corneal disease that can cause a permanent visual disability if not treated effectively. Sertaconazole nitrate (STZ), a novel broad spectrum antifungal drug, was suggested ...as a promising treatment. However, its utility in the ocular route is restricted by its poor solubility, along with other problems facing the ocular delivery like short residence time, and the existing corneal barrier. Therefore, the objective of this study was to formulate STZ loaded binary mixed micelles (STZ-MMs) enriched with different penetration enhancers using thin-film hydration method, based on a 3
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.2
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mixed factorial design. Different formulation variables were examined, namely, type of auxiliary surfactant, type of penetration enhancer, and total surfactants: drug ratio, and their effects on the solubility of STZ in MMs (S
M
), particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP) were evaluated. STZ-MMs enhanced STZ aqueous solubility up to 338.82-fold compared to free STZ. Two optimized formulations (MM-8 and MM-11) based on the desirability factor (0.891 and 0.866) were selected by Design expert
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software for further investigations. The optimized formulations were imaged by TEM which revealed nanosized spherical micelles. Moreover, they were examined for corneal mucoadhesion, stability upon dilution, storage effect, and ex vivo corneal permeation studies. Finally, both in vivo corneal uptake and in vivo corneal tolerance were investigated. MM-8 showed superiority in the ex vivo and in vivo permeation studies when compared to the STZ-suspension. The obtained results suggest that the aforementioned STZ loaded mixed micellar system could be an effective candidate for Keratomycosis-targeted therapy.
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