SUR DES CORRESPONDANCES LEXIQUES ARMÉNO-GRÉCO-BALTES Résumé Dans l'histoire de la linguistique comparative le problème des relations linguistiques génétiques arméno-baltes n'est examiné que grâce à ...l'étude de la place de l'arménien entre les autres langues indo-européennes. Les liens lexiques arméno-baltes sont présentés dans le Grand tableau des correspondances lexiques arméno-indo-européennes, de H. Adjarian, et discutés dans la monographie de G. R. Solta. L'article de J. Greppin qui concerne les relations arméno-baltes dans de différents niveaux linguistiques, contient aussi un aperçu des correspondances lexiques. Le travail actuel vise à présenter à l'attention des baltistes quelques nouvelles comparaisons. 1. arm. tʽi- gr. tctéov ,,pelle, vanneuse, aviron" tandis qu'en prus. pettis ,,pelle", 2. arm. tʽikunkʽ (<tʽi-ak-un-k') ,,arrière, dos", lit. pečiaĩ ,,partie d'en haut du dos, bosse", 3. arm. kapʽarumkʽ - prus. caperne ,,lieu d'inhumation".
Straipsnio tyrimo objektas – žurnalisto R. Valatkos komentaruose apie Rusijos ir Ukrainos karą, kurie buvo publikuoti naujienų portale delfi.lt per 2022 m., vartojami emotyvai ir ekspresyvai. Tokių ...komentarų rasta 44. Straipsnio tikslas – nustatyti, kiek ir kokios stiliaus priemonės vartojamos R. Valatkos komentaruose apie Rusijos pradėtą karą Ukrainoje. Šio žurnalisto tekstai pasižymi stiliaus figūrų įvairove (šalutinės priemonės sudaro 36,1 %; 218), tačiau stilistiniais sumetimais daugiausia vartojami uzualieji ir okazionalieji frazeologizmai (atitinkamai – 134; 22,2 % ir 92; 15,3 %), vaizdingieji veiksmažodžiai (77; 12,8 %), naujažodžiai (43; 7,1 %) ir disfemizmai (39; 6,5 %) (pagrindinės priemonės sudaro 63,9 %; 385). Šalutinės stiliaus priemonės produktyvumu nepasižymi, t. y. žargonybės (29; 4,8 %), svetimų kalbų intarpai (26; 4,3%), metaforiškieji ir vaizdingieji daiktavardžiai (23; 3,8 %), antonomazijos, asmenvardžiai (20; 3,3 %), ironija (20; 3,3%), palyginimai (20; 3,3 %), parceliacija (18; 2,9 %), jaustukai, ištiktukai (15; 2,5 %), aliuzijos (13; 2,2 %), perdirbiniai (7; 1,2%), posakiai, patarlės (6; 1%), svetimybės (6; 1%), vulgarizmai (6; 1%), parafrazės (5; 0,8%) ir keiksmažodžiai (4; 0,7%). Autoriniuose komentaruose vartojamos neigiamos konotacijos stiliaus priemonės, kuriomis emociškai įvardi- jamas karą prieš taikią valstybę paskelbęs Rusijos prezidentas V. Putinas, jo aplinka (politiniai bendražygiai, Kremliaus propagandos skleidėjai, Kremliaus politikos šalininkai), Rusijos kariai ir visi šių dienų antiherojai (karo šalininkai, pasyvūs politikai), kurie aktyviai arba pasyviai (politiniu abejingumu, neveiksnumu) remia, palaiko karą Ukrainoje.
V prispevku so predstavljeni narečni leksemi iz pomenskega polja ‘mlinarstvo’, tj. izrazje za pomen ‘mlin’, ‘mleti’, ‘moka’, ‘otrobi’ in ‘koruza’ ter ‘sirarstvo’: besedje za pomene ‘sir’, ‘skuta’, ...‘sirotka’ in ‘sesiriti se’. Jezikovno gradivo s slovenskega jezikovnega območja (zbrano za Slovenski lingvistični atlas) kaže na veliko narečno raznolikost. Večina narečnih leksemov je slovanskega izvora. Največ prevzetih besed predstavljajo germanizmi (npr. mohant in mohot ‘sir (za mazanje)’, žur oz. žura ali cmer ‘sirotka’), na zahodu (primorska narečja) pa najdemo tudi romanizme (npr. špres ‘skuta’, frmenta, frmentin ali frmenton ‘koruza’, semola, šemole in šemolini ‘otrobi’).
V prispevku so predstavljeni narečni leksemi iz pomenskega polja ‘koruza’: poimenovanja za koruzo, izrazi za ličkanje in ruženje koruze. Jezikovno gradivo s slovenskega jezikovnega območja (zbrano za ...Slovenski lingvistični atlas) kaže na veliko narečno raznolikost. Za koruzo se najpogosteje uporabljajo še leksemi turščica, sirek, frmenta in frmenton, za pomen ‘ličkati’, tj. ‘odstranjevati krovne liste s koruznega storža’, so v gradivu zapisani še izrazi, kot so majiti, slačiti ali kožuhati, za pomen ‘ružiti’, tj. ‘luščiti zrno s koruznega storža’, pa npr. še luščiti, robiti ali robkati.
V prispevku smo se osredotočili na specializirano leksiko, ki se je pojavila ob terminološkem kvalifikatorju med. v Slovarju slovenskega knjižnega jezika 2.0 (SSKJ2), v Slovenskem medicinskem ...slovarju (SMS) pa njene terminološke vzporednice oz. ustreznega strokovnega izraza ni. SSKJ2 naj bi namreč s terminološkimi kvalifikatorji nakazal področje, na katerem »termin živi« ali »s katerega prehaja v splošno rabo«. Analizirali smo, zakaj je bil delež specializirane leksike (331 gesel) vključen v SSKJ2, čeprav v medicini ni ustaljen.
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF AFFINITIVE RELATIONSHIP TERMS IN THE LITHUANIAN ...LANGUAGE
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Summary
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The vocabulary of affinity of the Lithuanian language consists of nearly <span lang="LV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: LV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">190 <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">words, comprising <span lang="LV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: LV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">50 <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">designates. More than half of the whole number of the affinitive kinship terms designate spouses and various hyponimic concepts. This subgroup of the system of affinitive terms (AT) is characterized by wide range of synonymy and a great stylistic variety.
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">T <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">he core of the old Lithuanian AT system consisted of the terms of the <span lang="LV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: LV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2nd <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">degree of kinship <span lang="LV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: LV;">(šešuras, <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">anyta, <span lang="LV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: LV;">dieveris, moša, uošvis, uošve, laigonas, svainė <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(AC type), <span lang="LV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: LV;">marti, žentas <span lang="LV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: LV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(CA <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">type) and the words, representing <span lang="RU" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">АСА <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">type of the <span lang="LV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: LV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3rd <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">degree, that designate the marriage partner of a sibling of the same sex of the marriage partner <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(jentė <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">"wife of the husband's brother <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"; svainis ,,husband of the wife's sister"). Other types of the <span lang="LV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: LV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3rd <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">degree affinity terms <span lang="LV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: LV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">CCA, CAC, ACC <span lang="LV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: LV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">as well as the concepts of the <span lang="RU" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">АСА <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">type designating the marriage partner of the different sex sibling of the marriage partner were not everywhere and not regularly linguistically differentiated; the present names of these concepts are of later origin.
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The semantic development of some AT is to be explained by the replacement of the speaker (the ego) while leaving the same term for the same referent. It should be noted that there is sufficient grounds to speak of the rather strong correlation between the linguistic structure of the AT system in the Lithuanian language an the social organization of the very kinship relations. The linguistic criteria of differentiating kinship concepts have been changing in the course of time. Polysemy with respect to generation has been given up; while within the generation of the ego polysemy has widely expanded. The system of AT of the Lithuanian language is permeated by the process (that became notable already in the epoch of the old literature and has not yet entirely stopped even nowadays) of extinction of the opposition of affinitive terms according to the semantic indication of the ego sex. Two closely interrelated processes are characteristic of the whole development of the Lithuanian AT system: <span lang="LV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: LV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1) <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the tendency of the loss of special, linguistic <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">expression of the concepts of kinship, that has increased the polysemy of some kinship terms and the opposite process <span lang="LV" style="color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: LV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2) <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the tendency of linguistic differentiation of the concepts of kinship, arising in attempt to avoid ambiguity. <span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">
LEXIK LITAUISCHER HERKUNFT ALS QUELLE FÜR HISTORISCHES WÖRTERBUCH DES BELORUSSISCHENZusammenfassungIm Artikel wird die der Sprache von Denkmälern des altbelorussischen Schrifttums eigene Lexik ...litauischer Herkunft (Entlehnungen, Okkasionalismen) charakterisiert, als Quelle für historisches Wörterbuch des Belorusischen. Es werden die Auswahlprinzipien sowie Methoden der lexikographischen Beschreibung und Angabe des Wortschatzes, d. h. graphisch-orthographische Unifizierung, Problem von Wortvarianten, Erschliessung des semantischen Umfanges, Exemplifizierung, erläutert. Es werden auch Beispiele der Wortartikel angeführt.
This article presents dialectal lexemes from the semantic field of typical equipment or vehicles for winter transport and sport: sanke 'sled', saonice 'sleigh', and skije 'skis'. The article presents ...dialectal material collected for the Slovenian Linguistic Atlas (SLA) for questions 281 ‘sled’, 281(b) ‘children's sled’, and 282 ‘skis’. The data reveals considerable dialectal diversity in the words used to describe devices for carrying various types of loads in the winter (especially in mountainous regions).
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