The article deals with issues of phytonyms, i.e. with proper names of plants, especially with dendronyms – names of trees – as one of subsidiary groups of names. In Czech onomastics, close attention ...has not been paid to phytonyms so far. The first part of the article focuses on defining the group of phytonyms and especially on dubious aspects of this issue – in linguistic, non-onomastic works, phytonyms often include appellative names of plants (jahoda – strawberry), dendronyms often include appel-lative names of trees (buk – beech), similar approach can be found in other Slavonic languages as well as in onomastic works written in German. Attention is also paid to discussions on names of plant varieties, on the borderline of chrematonyms and phytonyms. The second part of the article is focused on several extensive online databases of Czech dendronyms and indicates possibilities of further research in this field.
The article deals with the nonstandard gotta from the point of view of orthography and grammar. Using two corpora, the BNC and the GB sub-corpus of GloWbe, the convergence of gotta with other ...nonstandard spellings is discussed alongside its grammatical behavior (in terms of inversion, negation, auxiliary use), which is different from that of the core English modals. However, on semantic grounds alone, gotta can be considered an emerging modal. The final section of the article is dedicated to gotta in computer-mediated language, motivated by its presence in the latter corpus, which covers gotta on the Internet. It is concluded that gotta may also be seen as an illustration of an emerging orthographical norm that represents actual speech due to the freedom conferred by the Internet which creates the ripe communicative context for such a norm to surface.
This article comprises and analyses the building process of the complex Madrid’s overall picture emerging from the various proverbs, sayings, idioms from Sbarbi’s Dictionary, referring to Madrid, as ...well as to its substitutes and other integrating elements. In this article, we aim to approach and outline the Madrid image that these proverbs bring to us in the current realm of rhetoric and the information needed to understand them, provided by the wide range of rhetoric fields, and overlapping time frames, which allow us to unveil the fundamental meaning, and therefore, the phrase evolution in time and its cultural itinerary. The cultural archaeology and the rhetoric explain the overlapping and changes and for this purpose, we will make use of the tools of the General and Cultural Rhetoric conceived and consolidated by Antonio García Berrio, Tomás Albaladejo and Francisco Chico Rico.In this article, we will analyse, classify, and interpret various idioms including the toponym of Madrid or any other elements linked to the city, since there is an important cultural historically rooted component which also belongs to the present time, so it involves a creative manipulation and a change in the realm of rhetoric.
Composition is the tool to create new words with which some ancient Indo-European languages are particularly endowed, and much has been written, for example, about Greek, Sanskrit or Latin. This ...paper concentrates on the 2nd millennium Greek (Mycenaean Greek), highlighting how all the main compositional categories are recognisable in comparison with the 1st millennium Greek. Through an analysis (with appropriate examples) that briefly reviews all the compositional categories (possessive and endocentric compounds, prepositional and verbal governing compounds), we will try to demonstrate how nominal composition shows an important development despite the bureaucratic-administrative nature of the lexicon of Mycenaean archives.
The paper deals with the lexical-semantic processes the Russian language has experienced during the first half of the year 2020 throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the paper is to give a ...general characterization and evaluation of the phenomena and processes occurring at the period of time during which the language vocabulary gets rapidly enriched with both usual neologisms and occasionalisms. From March to June 2020, the Russian language has been subject to intense changes: a vast number of new words and notions have entered the language, a certain number of lexical units and collocations have acquired new meanings, and some of them have widened the scope of functioning: e.g. a transition of units that formerly used to belong to medical terminology or to the sphere of social life into the words of common use can be observed. The Russian language has joined the process of continuous language game and linguistic creativity. COVID, coronavirus, and corona have become the keywords of the current era as they have not only turned out to be the symbols of a certain historical period but also have served as productive stems for the formation of an enormous number of regular and occasional lexical innovations. The data presented in the paper are based on the lexical innovations published in the mass media and the Internet sources. The new lexical units were collected by the authors, who are members of the group of academic “Dictionaries of neologisms”, and collated with the large-scale mass media database “ Integrum ”, which comprises the data bank of over 30,000 mass media editions as well as records of television and radio programs. In the course of research, the following matters are examined: a number of new words and collocations which entered the language during the COVID-19 spread, the cases of forming new polysemy that the words covid, corona, and the adjectives derived from them have developed, a brief analysis of compounds with the first-component stems covid- and corona- (including the innovations that are formed by means of blending), and the investigation of obvious cases that manifest regular lexical relations (synonymy, antonymy, and homonymy) among the above-mentioned neologisms. In addition to the broad review of the neological language data, its analysis, and some scientific generalizations, one of the most important conclusions the paper arrives at is the regular character of a variety of lexical changes which have been caused by an intense and spontaneous process observed in the Russian word formation and lexical-semantic system.
The article studies Ukrainianisms in the fishing vocabulary of other languages. The topicality of research is determined by the importance of the analysis of names that reflect the centuries-old ...process of interethnic contacts, the long-term gradual development of the fishing experience of the Ukrainians. Data from etymological and dialect dictionaries and scientific research testify to the significant influence of the Ukrainian language on other languages in the process of their interaction in different historical periods, including in the field of fishing nominations. At the same time, linguists urge not to simplify the one-sidedness of linguistic influence, emphasizing that lexical borrowing is an integral part of the dynamic development of lexical-semantic systems of interacting languages. Therefore, it is worth talking not so much about a common foreign language element for them, but about the existence of a centuries-old language cauldron with various manifestations of Ukrainian-Romanian, Ukrainian-Turkic and other components.The findings of etymologists mainly correlate with archaeological data, such as those that testified to the spread in the late VI-V millennium B.C. of agricultural and pastoral economy of the Balkans on the territories between the rivers Bug and the Dniester and, accordingly, the Slavic vector of linguistic influence, comp.: *kotьсь ‘shelter for animalsʼ ˃ Serbian. кòтац, Maced. котец, Bulg. dial. ко́це ʻfishing tackleʼ ˃ Carpathian Ukr. кути́ц ‘ts’. ˃ Mold. kótec, Rom. cotʹet, Hung. kεtrec ʻts.ʼThus, the Ukrainian vector of the origin of fishing names in a foreign language space is evidenced by linguistic and extralinguistic factors. In particular, the originally reconstructed Ukrainian fishing verb derivatives, are worthy of attention, comp.: Proto-Slavic *kojiti ʻcalm downʼ ˃ Ukr. dial. коте́ць `reed fence for fishing', куті́ць 'cage, fence for pigs, sheep', Old Polish kociec ˃ kojec ʻbird cage or animal fenceʼ; Old Ukr. чаѩти ʻчекатиʼ ˃ Ukr. seagull `boat of Zaporozhian Cossacksʼ, Turk. çayka ʻboatʼ ˃ Serbo-Croatian шâjка, Bulg. ша́йка, Maced. (arch.) шаjка ʻboatʼ; psl. * sědi̯ā ‘fishing tackle’ ˃ Ukr. сіжа ʻts.ʼ (from sit) >Hung. szégye ʻts.ʼ etc.The analyzed material convinces of the need for further scientific studies on this issue.
No other phenomenon has affected the natural course of life of the entire planet since World War II until the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition to implementing the rules generated by the ...state of emergency or by the state of alert, the citizens are seeking parallel solutions, that function as a refuge, where they can withdraw from fear. Being out of control, this feeling can irreparably paralyse rational thinking. Natively endowed with a very well-developed sense of humour, our compatriots found an opportunity to turn it to account by using their ingenuity. They created a rich inventory of comic texts, which would sweeten the fear of the unfriendly profile of this coronavirus. In this paper we refer to a special type of urban folk literature, generated, as previously stated, by physical isolation at home, but which occurred simultaneously with the exit from latency of a spirit which is thirsty for figment. To be more specific, we analyzed some of the jokes that have circulated on various communication channels (especially electronic ones) and whose invariant theme is the human existence during the epidemic, captured in all its fundamental aspects. A condition for the successful communication of a joke is placing the interlocutors in a familiar context of immediate conceptions, interests and aspirations, which means that both the speaker and the recipient benefit from a common background. On the one hand, we tried to identify the semantic meaning of the texts we took into consideration, and on the other hand, we studied how we are led, “activated” to the pragmatic meaning of the statement through latent, implicit content.
The proper names of cultivated varieties cannot be considered chrematonyms. The still valid onomastic terminology introduced in „Osnoven sistem ...” describes chrematonyms as “proper names of things ...created by man which are not fixed in the landscape”. Man has not created plants but has changed some of their qualities by cultivating. Plants are living organisms fixed in the soil (even aquatic plants which are fixed in the soil at the bottom of a pond or a stream). Therefore the proper names of man cultivated plant varieties are fytonyms. The author suggests that fytonyms be further divided into a) proper names of individual plants, b) proper names of groups of plants, i.e. proper names of man cultivated varieties (e.g. the Gala apple).
This article deals with coins and banknotes as linguistic implementations of the concept of money. Based on an analysis of proverbs and sayings as well as other language material, the method of ...perception of the nature and characteristics of the coin and banknote by native speakers of Bulgarian language and culture is deduced. The names of Bulgarian coins and banknotes, popular phrases involving these lexemes, and the roles of the coin and banknote in Bulgarian culture are considered. Unambiguously comes the conclusion that the coin is a much more 'popular representative' of the concept of money in the Bulgarian language and culture.
