Curcumin is a safe substance that is used as food cosmetic additive and pharmaceutical product. Obtaining pure curcumin from plant sources is very important for fundamental research as well as for ...the above applications. Efficient extraction and purification methods, which meet green chemistry criteria including safety, environment-friendliness, economic requirements, and process efficiency are needed.
This review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive summary of the various methods used for extraction and purification of curcumin from plant materials, and its various applications in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical fields.
Many different extraction methods ranging from conventional techniques (e.g. soxhlet extraction, maceration and solvent extraction) to advanced extraction technologies (e.g. ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, supercritical liquid extraction, etc.) have been exploited to obtain curcumin from plant materials. Various other substances co-exist with curcumin in crude extracts. Many different purification techniques, alone or in combination, have been investigated for isolation and purification of curcumin from curcumin extracts or commercially available crude curcumin. These include conventional techniques (e.g. column chromatography, semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography) and supplementary modern techniques (e.g. high-speed counter-current chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography). To recover curcumin from plant materials, selection of apposite routes based on novel technologies (both in extraction and purification) is important to maximize efficiency, to decrease use of toxic solvent, as well as to reduce the processing time and energy consumption. Additionally, various potential or commercial uses of curcumin are reviewed.
•Curcumin is a safe bioactive substance used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.•Conventional and advanced techniques for curcumin extraction and purification are discussed.•The advantages and disadvantages of various extraction and separation methods are outlined.•Applications of curcumin in different industries are summarized.
Commercial solutions of pesticides consist of two main components: The active substance and the formulation ingredients. These ingredients, mainly composed of polymeric surfactants, are considered ...inert vis‐à‐vis the targeted organisms and nature. Nonetheless, a relatively low attention is given to their analysis and fate tracking in the environment. In this context, the current paper, embedded in a large study of fate and impact of formulated pesticides in soil, focuses on the analysis of these formulation ingredients. It mainly highlights and discusses the characteristic response of these ingredients in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry‐based untargeted screening of two commercial herbicides applied on soil. This characteristic response is based on different spectral and chromatographic aspects, as their amplified adducts and double‐charged ions formation, or their “wavy” chromatographic profiles and the inversion of their elution order following the polymerization degree. These patterns are briefly discussed in order to explain them, and then thanks to their understanding, 12 different series (165 compounds) of formulation ingredients were outlined and discriminated from active substance and soil metabolites. After, high‐resolution and tandem mass spectrometry data were investigated for rapid interseries and intraseries identification‐by‐chain. In addition, recommendations for methods development and hints on postanalytical data processing for identity determination of these ingredients are given in order to help in enhancing future studies. Limitations of the applied approach are also outlined, and some innovate suggestions are provided based on the described findings.
Lag Ba’Omer, a nationwide bonfire festival in Israel, was chosen as a case study to investigate the influence of a major biomass burning event on the light absorption properties of atmospheric brown ...carbon (BrC). The chemical composition and optical properties of BrC chromophores were investigated using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) platform coupled to photo diode array (PDA) and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) detectors. Substantial increase of BrC light absorption coefficient was observed during the night-long biomass burning event. Most chromophores observed during the event were attributed to nitroaromatic compounds (NAC), comprising 28 elemental formulas of at least 63 structural isomers. The NAC, in combination, accounted for 50–80% of the total visible light absorption (>400 nm) by solvent extractable BrC. The results highlight that NAC, in particular nitrophenols, are important light absorption contributors of biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA), suggesting that night time chemistry of •NO3 and N2O5 with particles may play a significant role in atmospheric transformations of BrC. Nitrophenols and related compounds were especially important chromophores of BBOA. The absorption spectra of the BrC chromophores are influenced by the extraction solvent and solution pH, implying that the aerosol acidity is an important factor controlling the light absorption properties of BrC.
► Comprehensive LC×LC for analysis of di- to deca-oligonucleotides is described. ► HILIC is used in the first dimension and IP-RPLC in the second dimension. ► The coupling of HILIC×IP-RPLC to ESI-MS ...is presented.
A comprehensive two-dimensional HPLC approach with a high degree of orthogonality was developed for analysis of di- to deca-oligonucleotides (ONs). Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) was used in the first dimension, and ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography (IP-RPLC) was employed in the second dimension. The two dimensions were connected via a ten-port valve interface equipped with octadecyl silica (ODS) traps to immobilize and focus the ONs eluting from the first dimension prior to IP-RPLC separation. An aqueous make-up flow was used for effective trapping. The comprehensive two-dimensional HPLC system was optimized with a mixture consisting of 27 oligonucleotide standards. An overall chromatographic peak capacity of 500 was obtained. The use of the volatile buffer triethylamine acetate in the second dimension allowed straightforward coupling to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and detection of each ON in the negative ionization mode.
Endemic in 21 countries, Chagas disease, also known as American Trypanosomiasis, is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The available drugs for the ...treatment of this disease, benznidazole and nifurtimox, are outdated and display severe side effects. Thus, the discovery of new drugs is crucial. Based on our continuous studies aiming towards the discovery of natural products with anti-T. cruzi potential, the MeOH extract from aerial parts of Baccharis sphenophylla Dusén ex. Malme (Asteraceae) displayed activity against this parasite and was subjected to high-performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC), to obtain one unreported syn-labdane diterpene — sphenophyllol (1) — as well as the known compounds gaudichaudol C (2), ent-kaurenoic acid (3), hispidulin (4), eupafolin (5), and one mixture of di-O-caffeoylquinic acids (6–8). Compounds 1–8 were characterized by analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) data. When tested against trypomastigote forms, isolated labdane diterpenes 1 and 2 displayed potent activity, with ECsub.50 values of 20.1 μM and 2.9 μM, respectively. The mixture of chlorogenic acids 6–8, as well as the isolated flavones 4 and 5, showed significant activity against the clinically relevant amastigotes, with ECsub.50 values of 24.9, 12.8, and 2.7 μM, respectively. Nonetheless, tested compounds 1–8 displayed no cytotoxicity against mammalian cells (CCsub.50 > 200 μM). These results demonstrate the application of HPCCC as an important tool to isolate bioactive compounds from natural sources, including the antitrypanosomal extract from B. sphenophylla, allowing for the development of novel strategic molecular prototypes against tropical neglected diseases.
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are multidimensional coordination polymeric materials formed by coordinating half-filled d-/f-block metal ions with mono-/multi-dentate organic ligands. Due to their ...structural flexibility, porosity, adsorption sites and controllable synthesis have gained significant attention in gas storage, chemical sensing, heterogeneous catalysis and biological applications. The individual metal ion-ligand interaction mechanisms observed in coordination complexes of d-/f-block metal ions like Metal Centered (MC), Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer (LMCT) and Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer (MLCT) are also applicable to these coordination polymers and, that makes them more interesting in their applications.
MOFs are very promising for fabricating fluorescent or luminescent sensors because the fluorescence can be generated from the metal and the ligand units and can also be tuned by the interplay/interactions among the building components. The energy is transferred through a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism that is important for applying MOFs for antibiotic detection. The excess dosage of antibiotics is transmitted to the environment and the human body resulting in a serious threat to mankind. The frequently used conventional methods for the analysis of antibiotics residue, especially detection in clinical, environment and food products, biological complex matrices are time-consuming, non-specific, poor sensitivity, complex and requires skilled personnel. Immunologic and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) based methods are expensive, lack specificity, and yield false results.
As outlined in this review, MOFs based fluorescent sensors have now become effective alternative tools for rapid and routine detection for clinical and environmental analysis, as well as for food safety control. We provide an overview regarding the uses of MOFs based materials sensors in the development of fluorescence with special emphasis on underlying detection principles, sensitivity, specificity, and their capability of multiplexed analysis. The diverse MOFs based materials are used for antibiotics detection, which is critically analyzed concerning their advantages and limitations for future applications in the diagnosis of antibiotics in the environment.
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•Fluorescence sensors represent the future of screening methods for antibiotic residues.•This technique facilitates the simulation and quantification of antibiotic molecules.•Inexpensive and sensitive fluorescent sensors are the most promising devices.•Fluorescent sensors lead to portable and less expensive systems for self-monitoring.•MOF based sensors are promise to be suitable sensors for candidates.
•Vacuum evaporation assisted adsorption (VEAA) interface was designed for a 2D preparative NPLC×RPLC system.•The NPLC and RPLC mobile-phase immiscibility was solved by the new interface.•The VEAA ...interface based 2D NPLC×RPLC system was evaluated with a crude extract of toad venom.•Nineteen compounds were isolated using the 2D-LC system.
An on-line comprehensive preparative two–dimensional normal-phase liquid chromatography×reversed-phase liquid chromatography (2D NPLC×RPLC) system was constructed with a newly developed vacuum evaporation assisted adsorption (VEAA) interface, allowing fast removal of NPLC solvent in the vacuum condition and successfully solving the solvent incompatibility problem between NPLC and RPLC. The system achieved on-line solvent exchange within the two dimensions and its performance was illustrated by gram-scale isolation of crude extract from the venom of Bufo bufo gargarizans. Within separation time of ∼20h, 19 compounds were obtained with high purity in a single run. With the VEAA interface, the 2D system exhibited apparent advantages in separation efficiency and automation compared with conventional methods, indicating its promising application in the routine separation process for complicated natural products.
This study delved into the impact of two extrusion processing parameters—screw speed (SS at 400, 600, 800 RPM) and material moisture content in the extruder barrel (M at 12, 15, 18%) at constant feed ...rate (50 kg/h)—on reducing the content of alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TeA), and tentoxin (TEN) in whole-grain red sorghum flour. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) was employed for the determination of Alternaria toxin levels. The extruder die temperature fluctuated between 136 and 177 °C, with die pressures ranging from 0.16 to 6.23 MPa. The specific mechanical energy spanned from 83.5 to 152.3 kWh/t, the torque varied between 88 and 162.8 Nm, and the average material retention time in the barrel ranged from 5.6 to 13 s. The optimal parameters for reducing the concentration of all Alternaria toxins with a satisfactory quality of the sorghum snacks were: SS = 400 RPM, M = 12%, with a reduction of 61.4, 76.4, 12.1, and 50.8% for AOH, AME, TeA, and TEN, respectively.
Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-formulated mRNA vaccines were rapidly developed and deployed in response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Due to the labile nature of mRNA, identifying impurities that could ...affect product stability and efficacy is crucial to the long-term use of nucleic-acid based medicines. Herein, reversed-phase ion pair high performance liquid chromatography (RP-IP HPLC) was used to identify a class of impurity formed through lipid:mRNA reactions; such reactions are typically undetectable by traditional mRNA purity analytical techniques. The identified modifications render the mRNA untranslatable, leading to loss of protein expression. Specifically, electrophilic impurities derived from the ionizable cationic lipid component are shown to be responsible. Mechanisms implicated in the formation of reactive species include oxidation and subsequent hydrolysis of the tertiary amine. It thus remains critical to ensure robust analytical methods and stringent manufacturing control to ensure mRNA stability and high activity in LNP delivery systems.
Interactions of analytes with metal surfaces in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instruments and columns have been reported to cause deleterious effects ranging from peak tailing to a ...complete loss of the analyte signal. These effects are due to the adsorption of certain analytes on the metal oxide layer on the surface of the metal components. We have developed a novel surface modification technology and applied it to the metal components in ultra-HPLC (UHPLC) instruments and columns to mitigate these interactions. A hybrid organic–inorganic surface, based on an ethylene-bridged siloxane chemistry, was developed for use with reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction chromatography. We have characterized the performance of UHPLC instruments and columns that incorporate this surface technology and compared the results with those obtained using their conventional counterparts. We demonstrate improved performance when using the hybrid surface technology for separations of nucleotides, a phosphopeptide, and an oligonucleotide. The hybrid surface technology was found to result in higher and more consistent analyte peak areas and improved peak shape, particularly when using low analyte mass loads and acidic mobile phases. Reduced abundances of iron adducts in the mass spectrum of a peptide were also observed when using UHPLC systems and columns that incorporate hybrid surface technology. These results suggest that this technology will be particularly beneficial in UHPLC/mass spectrometry investigations of metal-sensitive analytes.
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