The extrusion of leguminous seeds induces the formation of Maillard reaction compounds (MRC) as a product of protein advanced glycation and oxidation, which lowers protein degradability in the rumen. ...However, the quantitative relationship between the parameters of pretreatment (i.e., addition of reducing sugars) and extrusion, and the formation of MRC has not been established yet. Moreover, the fate of the main stable MRC, Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), in the excretory routes has never been investigated in ruminants. We aimed to test the effects of the temperature of extrusion of white lupines with or without addition of reducing sugars on the formation of MRC, crude protein (CP) degradability in the rumen, N use efficiency for milk production (milk N/N intake), and performance of dairy cows. Two experiments with a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design were conducted simultaneously with 16 (3 rumen-cannulated) multiparous Holstein cows to measure indicators of ruminal CP degradability (ruminal NH3 concentration, branched-chain volatile fatty acids), metabolizable protein supply (plasma essential AA concentration), N use efficiency (N isotopic discrimination), and dairy performance. In parallel, apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fibers, N, total Lys and CML, and partition of N and CML were measured with 4 cows in both experiments. The diets consisted on a DM basis of 20% raw or extruded lupines and 80% basal mixed ration of corn silage, silage and hay from permanent grasslands, pelleted concentrate, and a vitaminized mineral mix. Expected output temperatures of lupine extrusion were 115°C, 135°C, and 150°C, without and with the addition of reducing sugars before extrusion. The extrusion numerically reduced the in vitro ruminal CP degradability of the lupines, and consequently increased the predicted supply of CP to the small intestine. Nitrogen balance and urinary N excretion did not differ among dietary treatments in either experiment. Milk yield and N use efficiency for milk production increased with extrusion of lupines at 150°C without addition of reducing sugars compared with raw lupines. Nitrogen isotopic discrimination between dietary and animal proteins (the difference between δ15N in plasma and δ15N in the diet) were lower with lupines extruded at 150°C without and with addition of reducing sugars. Regardless of sugar addition, milk true protein yield was not affected, but milk urea concentration and fat:protein ratio were lower with lupines extruded at 150°C than with raw lupines. In the CML partition study, we observed that on average 26% of the apparently digested CML was excreted in urine, and a much lower proportion (0.63% on average) of the apparently digested CML was secreted in milk, with no differences among dietary treatments. In conclusion, we showed that the extrusion of white lupines without or with addition of reducing sugars numerically reduced enzymatic CP degradability, with limited effects on N partition, but increased milk yield and N use efficiency at the highest temperature of extrusion without addition of reducing sugars.
The use of pseudo-cereals for wheat products making is to fortify the deficiency of nutritional value in wheat flour. However rich in proteins plant additives could increase acrylamide content in ...baked products. The present study was focused on acrylamide reduction in wheat flour biscuits supplemented with lupine and defatted flaxseed flour treated by solid state (SSF) and submerged (SMF) fermentations by Lactobacillus sakei, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Pediococcus acidilactici strains. After fermentation the decrease in asparagine was on average of 67.6 and 80.6%, and reducing sugar contents were reduced by 18 and 79.4% in flaxseed and lupine, respectively. The most effective acrylamide reduction in biscuits (78 and 85%, respectively) was reached using P. acidilactici for flaxseed (SMF) and lupine (SSF). It was found a significant effects of lupine or flaxseed addition (F(1.24) = 4032, P < 0.001), fermentation method (F(1.24) = 22,371, P < 0.001), type of microorganisms applied for the fermentation (F(2.24) = 5907, P < 0.001) and interaction of these factors (F(7.24) = 40,001, P < 0.001) on acrylamide concentration in wheat biscuits. Using L. sakei for SSF of flaxseed and SMF of lupine acrylamide was reduced on average by 83.4%. Fermented lupine and flaxseed could have potential application for production of safe and high nutritional value biscuits.
•Selected lactic acid bacteria could be used for non traditional cereal fermentation.•Fermentation decreased asparagine and reducing saccharides content.•Fermented plants additives reduced acrylamide content in biscuits.•Fermented flaxseed and lupine improve biscuits acceptability and safety.
The use of vegetable proteins in various types of meat products is common practice. In order to control food specifications, also with regard to food fraud and allergenic potential, a reliable ...detection of these additives is required. Here, a sensitive screening method for the simultaneous detection of lupine (Lupinus angustifolius), pea (Pisum sativum), and soy (Glycine maxima) in meat products applying High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) has been developed. After protein extraction and tryptic digestion, 3 to 4 marker peptides for each plant species were measured by HPLC-MS/MS. For matrix calibration, emulsion-type sausages with 0, 1, 6, 32, 160, 800, and 4000 mg/kg raw legume protein isolates/legume flour were produced. The mentioned legumes were detectable in sausages with concentrations of 6 mg/kg legume protein isolates/legume flour or greater. High correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.999) between the peak areas of the mass transitions of the marker peptides and the contents of legume proteins in the meat products were obtained. The limits of detection (LODs) of the method were about 5 mg/kg meat product for pea protein, 4 mg/kg meat product for soy protein, and 2 mg/kg meat product for lupine protein. No false-positive or false-negative results were recorded. The applicability of the described method was tested by analyzing commercial meat products with and without added legume proteins.
•Characteristic tryptic marker peptides for lupine, pea, and soy were identified.•A simultaneous HPLC-MS/MS detection of these legumes in meat products is possible.•Meat adulterations and traces of the allergens lupine and soy can be reliably detected.•LODs in the low ppm range are comparable to ELISA and PCR methods.
In recognition of their multiple benefits on environment, food security, and human health, pulses are attracting worldwide attention. The seed coat is a major by-product of pulse processing, and its ...only markets are as low value ruminant feed and very limited use in high fibre foods. Recently, accumulating studies have suggested that this underutilised by-product has greater potential as a novel natural “nutritious dietary fibre” which can be used as a functional food ingredient.
This review discusses biochemical and physicochemical functionalities of seed coats of six globally important pulses: chickpea, field pea, faba/broad bean, lentil and mung bean with a special emphasis on the emerging food pulse lupin. Food process modification and recent human food applications of the seed coats are summarized. Bio-availability of the seed coat compounds, and phomopsins contaminated lupin seed coats as a typical example of safety issue are discussed.
High levels of dietary fibre, minerals and potential health-promoting phytochemicals in the seed coats indicate their great potential to be used as a natural “nutritious dietary fibre”. However, further in-depth studies are required to improve their desirable nutritional, physiological and techno-functional properties whilst minimizing any undesirable ones.
•Greater pulses consumption is promoted worldwide, however pulse seed coats are a major under-utilised by-product.•High dietary fibre, minerals and phytochemicals in pulse seed coats indicate their great potential as a food ingredient.•Improved nutritional, physicochemical properties of pulse seed coats through processing may expand their food applications.•More studies on the seed coats processing technology, food applications and their physiological properties are needed.
Background
Many plants contain phytotoxic alkaloids to deter herbivorous pests and grazing animals. Alkaloids include quinolizidine and indole alkaloids found in the lupin (
Lupinus
spp.), an ...ornamental flower and emerging protein crop, as well as pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the ragwort (
Senecio jacobaea
), an invasive, weed-like flower. When lupins and ragworts are present in large densities in fields, there is a concern that alkaloids may leach into freshwater environments in amounts that may affect non-target organisms, such as
Daphnia magna
. This study aimed to investigate (i) the acute toxicity of alkaloids (gramine, heliotrine, lupanine, lupinine, monocrotaline, monocrotaline N-oxide, senecionine and sparteine) in
D. magna
, (ii) the contribution of these individual alkaloids to lupin plant extract toxicity, (iii) the longer term reproductive effects of a representative alkaloid, sparteine, and conclude with (iv) a tentative risk assessment for the sum of alkaloids measured in soil and surface waters.
Results
The alkaloids exhibited toxicity, with 48 h EC
50
values in the range of 5.6 to > 100 mg/L. The 48 h EC
50
of the
Lupinus angustifolius
plant extract was 1.38 mg/L, which was far more toxic than the simulated extract where lethality was < 10% at 10 mg/L after 48 h. Hence, non-measured compounds may have contributed to the joint toxicity. Daphnid mothers exposed to > 2.5 mg/L sparteine produced significantly fewer and smaller offspring during the 21-day exposure, making chronic effects occur at concentrations approximately 10-fold lower than the 48 h EC
50
for sparteine. The risk assessment of cumulated alkaloids measured in drain, running and pond waters showed a potential risk, particularly for stagnant pond water, where concentrations were severalfold higher than in the drain and running waters.
Conclusions
The results highlight that natural toxins may contribute to poor chemical quality of natural waters, and that natural toxins from upcoming crops or invasive weeds should be considered in aquatic risk assessments.
•UPLC/MS/MS metabolomics of un-germinated seeds and different days sprouts was achieved.•Abscisic acid showed maximum level in un-germinated seeds, started to decline with ...germination.•Coumaronochromones most prevalent in un-germinated seeds, day 2 sprouts accumulated flavones.•Alkaloids showed increase with seed germination reaching its maximum in day 14 sprouts.•Spatial correlation detected between Day 9 sprouts and alpha glycosidase inhibitory activity.
The current study attempts to illustrate how the chemical and biological profile of white lupine seeds varies throughout the course of various germination days using UHPLC-QqQ-MS combined to chemometrics. Abscisic acid showed maximum level in the un-germinated seeds and started to decline with seed germination accompanied by an increase in the levels of gibberellins which were undetectable in un-germinated seeds. Coumaronochromones were the most prevalent constituents detected in un-germinated seeds while day 2 sprouts showed significant accumulation of flavones. The levels of alkaloids showed significant increase upon germination of the seeds reaching its maximum in day 14 sprouts. The OPLS model coefficients plot indicated that lupinalbin D and F, apigenin hexoside, kaempferol hexoside, albine, and hydoxylupanine showed strong positive correlation to the alpha amylase inhibitory activity of the tested samples while lupinalbin A, lupinisoflavone, lupinic acid and multiflorine were positively correlated to the inhibition of alpha glycosidase activity. The results obtained indicated that seed germination has a profound effect on the chemical profile as well as the in-vitro antidiabetic activity of lupine seeds.
Modern farming requires a better understanding of the response of species, and in the particular experiment, of accessions, to the influence of weeds in order to develop agricultural systems that are ...more dependent on ecological interactions and less dependent on the use of pesticides. The present lab study aimed to estimate the tolerance of white lupine accessions to Sorghum halepense extracts on the seed germination and initial growth of the crop. Studied factors were: white lupine accessions – ten levels (Lp01, Lp04, Lp06, Lp10, Lp21, Lp23, Lp25, Lp27, Lp28 Lp29), aqueous extracts – two levels (shoot and root biomass of S. halepense) and concentrations of the extracts – four levels (1.0%, 5.0%, 10.0% and distilled water as control). The results showed a different tolerance of the ten accessions to allelopathic action of the aqueous extracts. Increasing concentrations of the extracts inhibited seed germination (by 5.0 to 10% in the different accessions), elongation and accumulation of primary germ (2.4 to 71.2% and 3.0 to 56.2%, respectively. The GGEbiplot analysis, representing the summary effect of the action of weed extracts on the germination and growth parameters in different concentrations, determined Lp 01, Lp 04 and Lp 10 as tolerant. Sensitivity exhibited Lp 21, Lp 25 and Lp 23. The correlation analysis of data showed that accessions whose seeds had a higher 1000 seeds mass, higher seed vigor index and protein content were less affected by the inhibitory effect of S. halepense extracts, respectively, they exhibited a higher tolerance.
Lupine is a member of the legume family and is often used in many food products in Europe (e.g. pasta, pizza, sauces, etc.) as a wheat or soy substitute. Lupine cross-reacts with peanut, and cases of ...allergic reactions to lupine in peanut-allergic patients have been reported in Europe mainly. In contrast, lupine as an ingredient in food products is relatively new to the Canadian market.
We describe a 10-year old boy with diagnosed peanut and tree-nut allergy, who developed anaphylaxis to lupine flour in May 2017. A few minutes after eating a pre-made pancake mix that didn't contain any of his known allergens (peanuts, tree nuts), he developed oral pruritis followed by throat tightness, severe stomach ache, lightheadedness, cough, hoarse throat, nasal congestion, sneezing, and fatigue. He refused epinephrine, but was given cetirizine. The symptoms resolved after 3 h, but he was still unwell the following day. In a conversation between the mother and the allergist, it was determined that lupine was likely the cause of the reaction. To confirm, he was brought into clinic for skin testing to lupine. Results were consistent with lupine allergy (pancake mix: 10 × 7 mm, lupine bean: 12 × 6 mm). The family has since reported this to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, resulting in a product recall and a consumer advisory bulletin published by Health Canada.
This is the first reported case of allergic reaction to lupine in Canada, and highlights the need for education of Canadian families with peanut allergy as well as allergists, regarding the possibility of cross-reactivity between peanut and lupine and its new presence in the Canadian food supply. In addition, a precautionary label for those with peanut allergy who purchase products containing lupine should be considered. This case illustrates also the need for a clear mechanism for consumers and allergists to report emerging food allergens to regulatory bodies such as Health Canada.
•Yellow and white lupin seeds can totally replace soybean meal in rabbit diets.•Crude protein digestibility increased when yellow lupine totally replaced soybean meal.•Total replacement of soybean ...meal slightly decreases rabbit’s growth.
This study aimed to evaluate whole lupin seeds (Lupinus. albus and Lupinus luteus) as an alternative crude protein (CP) source to soybean meal (SBM) in diets for growing rabbits. Diets contained 150 g/kg of SBM (control; CTD), white lupin seeds (LAD) or yellow lupin seeds (LLD) as the main protein source were used. The diets were similar in the level of digestible crude protein (CP), and digestible energy and limiting amino acids. Sixty hybrid rabbits (New Zealand x Californian; 20 rabbits per diet; 1025 ± 72 g of live weight (LW)), weaned at 35 days of age, were used for growth performance evaluation from 35 to 69 days of age. A feed restriction (80 %) was performed during the first 14 days of the experiment (from 35 to 49 days). At the end of the growth trial, 30 rabbits (10 rabbits per treatment) were slaughtered without fasting. The caecum was weighted and its content was collected, the pH was measure and samples were taken and frozen for laboratorial analysis. Forty eight rabbits (24 cages and 16 rabbits per diet; 60 days of age; 2115.0 ± 211.6 g LW) were selected from the growth trial and used in the digestibility assay. No significant (P > 0.05) effects was observed on the LW and feed intake between diets in all ages studied. Considering the total growing period (35−69 days), weight gain was higher (P < 0.05) in rabbits fed the CTD (47.7 g/day) than rabbits fed lupine diets (42.8, and 42.1 g/day in rabbits fed the LAD and LLD, respectively). Similarly, feed conversion rate was lower (P < 0.05) in rabbits fed CTD (3.1, 3.5 and 3.6 g/g in rabbits fed the CTD, LAD and LLD, respectively). There were differences in digestibility of organic matter with CTD presenting the highest value (0.622; P < 0.05). Regarding de digestibility of CP, the highest value was found for LLD (0.738; P < 0.05). Digestibility of fibre fractions was not affected by diet (P > 0.05). The caecal parameters were not affected by the replacement of SBM by lupine, except the pH values that were higher in lupine diets (5.74 and 5.77 LAD and LLD, respectively; P < 0.05). In conclusion white and yellow lupin seeds are a suitable dietary protein source for growing rabbits although a slightly worsened of the growth performance of rabbits fed LAD or LLD was observed. Future trials must be conducted using lower levels of lupine seeds in diets and including also an economic evaluation of the results.
Background:
Understanding soil nitrogen (N) dynamics is essential to find alternative N sources and improve N use efficiency in agriculture.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to assess N ...mineralization rates from residues of winter cover crops, during maize crop season, under Mediterranean conditions.
Methods:
A field experiment was carried out from May to September in central Portugal, with four replications, two sowing dates of cover crops (15/10/2011 and 29/11/2011) and three cover crops residues (balansa clover, ryegrass and yellow lupine) that were incorporated in the soil. Plots were cropped with local maize and net N mineralization was measured during the crop cycle, using soil cylinders placed inside micro-perforated polyethylene bags.
Results and Discussion:
Early sowing of the cover crops residues increased the NH
4
+
and NO
3
-
contents in the soil. Yellow lupine residue had the highest rate of daily N mineralization (0.71 mg N kg
-1
day
-1
). For all treatments, the highest mineralization rate was found in the last incubation period, ranging between 0.78 mg N kg
-1
day
-1
and 1.84 mg N kg
-1
day
-1
, both for balansa clover, from the second and the first sowing date, respectively.
Conclusion:
The present study suggests that, under Mediterranean field conditions, cover crops residue of Italian ryegrass, balansa clover and yellow lupin can be used as a nitrogen source namely for sustainable maize crops.
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