The development of active packaging for food storage containers is possible through impregnation of natural extracts by supercritical COsub.2-assisted impregnation processes. The challenge of ...scCOsub.2-impregnation of natural extracts is to control the total loading and to ensure that the composition of the loaded extract may preserve the properties of the crude extract. This study aimed at investigating the scCOsub.2-impregnation of clove extract (CE) in polycarbonate (PC) to develop antibacterial packaging. A design of experiments was applied to evaluate the influences of temperature (35-60 °C) and pressure (10-30 MPa) on the clove loading (CL%) and on the composition of the loaded extract. The CL% ranged from 6.8 to 18.5%, and the highest CL% was reached at 60 °C and 10 MPa. The composition of the impregnated extract was dependent on the impregnation conditions, and it differed from the crude extract, being richer in eugenol (81.31-86.28% compared to 70.06 in the crude extract). Differential scanning calorimetry showed a high plasticizing effect of CE on PC, and high CL% led to the cracking of the PC surface. Due to the high loading of eugenol, which is responsible for the antibacterial properties of the CE, the impregnated PC is promising for producing antibacterial food containers.
(1)Objective: In this study, a quantitative analysis of chemical groups (the triterpenoids, water-soluble polysaccharides, and acidic polysaccharides) and quantitative high liquid performance ...chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf (PC) for quality control was developed. (2)Methodology: First, three main chemical groups, including triterpenoids, water-soluble polysaccharides, and acidic polysaccharides, in 16 batches of PC were evaluated by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Afterward, the quantitative fingerprint of PC was established, and the alcohol extract of PC was further evaluated. The method involves establishing 16 batches of PC fingerprints by HPLC, evaluating the similarity of different batches of PC, and identifying eight bioactive components, including poricoic acid B (PAB), dehydrotumulosic acid (DTA), poricoic acid A (PAA), polyporenic acid C (PAC), 3-epidehydrotumulosic acid (EA), dehydropachymic acid (DPA), dehydrotrametenolic acid (DTA-1), and dehydroeburicoic acid (DEA), in PC by comparison with the reference substance. Combined with the quantitative analysis of multi-components by a single marker (QAMS), six bioactive ingredients, including PAB, DTA, PAC, EA, DPA, and DEA, in PC from different places were established. In addition, the multivariate statistical analyses, such as principal component analysis and heatmap hierarchical clustering analysis are more intuitive, and the visual analysis strategy was used to evaluate the content of bioactive components in 16 batches of PC. Finally, the analysis strategy of three main chemical groups in PC was combined with the quantitative fingerprint strategy, which reduced the error caused by the single method. (3)Results: The establishment of a method for the quantification of chemical groups and quantitative HPLC fingerprint of PC was achieved as demonstrated through the quantification of six triterpenes in PC by a single marker. (4)Conclusions: Through qualitative and quantitative chemical characterization, a multi-directional, simple and efficient routine evaluation method of PC quality was established. The results reveal that this strategy can provide an analytical method for the quality evaluation of PC and other Chinese medicinal materials.
Research background. Microbial beta-fructofuranosidases are widely employed in food industry to produce inverted sugar or fructooligosaccharides. In this study, a newly isolated Aspergillus ...carbonarius PC-4 strain was used to optimize the beta-fructofuranosidase production in a cost-effective process and the sucrose hydrolysis was evaluated to produce inverted sugars. Experimental approach. Optimization of nutritional components of culture medium was carried out using simplex lattice mixture design for 72 and 120 h at 28 degreesC. One-factor--at-a-time methodology was used to optimize the physicochemical parameters. Crude enzyme was used for sucrose hydrolysis at different concentrations. Results and conclusions. The optimized conditions of enzyme production were achieved from cultivations containing pineapple crown waste (1.3 %, m/V) and yeast extract (0.3 %, m/V) after 72 h with an enzyme activity of 9.4 U/mL, obtaining R.sup.2=91.85 %, R.sup.2.sub.adjusted=85.06 %, highest F-value (13.52) and low p-value (0.003). One-factor-at-a-time used for optimizing the physicochemical conditions showed optimum temperature (20 degreesC), pH (5.5), agitation (180 rpm) and time course (72 h) with a 3-fold increase of enzyme production. The invertase-induced sucrose hydrolysis showed the maximum yield (3.45 mmol of reducing sugars) using 10 % of initial sucrose concentration. Higher sucrose concentrations caused the inhibition of invertase activity, possibly due to the saturation of substrate or formation of sucrose aggregates, making it difficult for the enzyme to access sucrose molecules within the created clusters. Therefore, a cost-effective method was developed for the invertase production using agroindustrial waste and the produced enzyme can be used efficiently for inverted sugar production at high sucrose concentration. Novelty and scientific contribution. This study presents an efficient utilization of pineapple crown waste to produce invertase by a newly isolated Aspergillus carbonarius PC- 4 strain. This enzyme exhibited a good potential for inverted sugar production at high initial sucrose concentration, which is interesting for industrial applications. Key words: invertase, Aspergillus carbonarius PC-4, culture optimization, simplex lattice design, sucrose hydrolysis
Metal oxide photocatalysts TiO.sub.2/MoO.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2/MoO.sub.3:V.sub.2O.sub.5 have been investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy under in situ light excitation. ...Structural identification of all paramagnetic centers (PCs) recorded, such as surface and lattice Ti.sup.3+ ions as well as Mo.sup.5+ and V.sup.4+ ions and nitrogen .sup.14N atoms containing the unpaired electron ("N.sup.*-radicals"), have been performed. The temperature behavior of PCs in the range of 30-300 K and photoinduced changes of EPR spectra under light irradiation have been investigated. The validity of the Curie law was confirmed for the PCs of such composite photocatalysts. A new original method of detection of charge carrier separation and accumulation is suggested using EPR-technique. It is shown that TiO.sub.2/MoO.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2/MoO.sub.3:V.sub.2O.sub.5 photocatalysts are capable to accumulate photogenerated charge providing fresh possibilities for practical applications in photocatalysis because these oxide heterostructures retaining oxidation activity for a long time (more than 5 h) under the dark conditions after illumination. Graphical
In nationally representative yearly surveys of United States 8th, 10th, and 12th graders 1991-2016 (N = 1.1 million), psychological well-being (measured by self-esteem, life satisfaction, and ...happiness) suddenly decreased after 2012. Adolescents who spent more time on electronic communication and screens (e.g., social media, the Internet, texting, gaming) and less time on nonscreen activities (e.g., in-person social interaction, sports/exercise, homework, attending religious services) had lower psychological well-being. Adolescents spending a small amount of time on electronic communication were the happiest. Psychological well-being was lower in years when adolescents spent more time on screens and higher in years when they spent more time on nonscreen activities, with changes in activities generally preceding declines in well-being. Cyclical economic indicators such as unemployment were not significantly correlated with well-being, suggesting that the Great Recession was not the cause of the decrease in psychological well-being, which may instead be at least partially due to the rapid adoption of smartphones and the subsequent shift in adolescents' time use.
This study looked at a classical truth logic of multi-propositions that is new in some ways: 1 Alethic modalities were mixed with logical consistency and incompatibility in a single plate form, i.e., ...necessary consistency (NC), possible consistency (PC)/ possible incompatibility (PI) and impossible incompatibility (IPI); 2 multi-propositions were judged by individuals as either NC, PC/PI, or IPI; 3 Four quantifiers; All (∀), No (∼∀), Some (∃), and Some Not (∼∃) of four propositional modes and three shapes ( , ▱ and ) are used to evaluate predictions; and 4 it inspired by multi-propositional of dual-process theories (DPTs) of deduction and modal syllogistic of multi-propositions, from which logicians have derived general hypotheses. HP 1- Individuals will more likely to endorse inferences as PC/PI rather than NC. HP 2: It’s easier to calculate that inference has PC/ PI if it has also NC. Generally, logicians predict more endorsing PC for NC than for PI proposition. HP 3: It’s easier to calculate that inference is not NC if it is also not PC. Generally, logicians predict more PI than IPI proposition endorses as NC. A modal syllogistic as a classical truth logic is presented by multi-propositions (two premises and one inference), each one from four modes has quantifiers such as universal quantifiers and existential quantifier; ∀, ∼∀, ∃, and ∼ ∃. They were evaluated by a single-mental model (Experiment I) and a multi-mental model (Experiment II). Logicians applied the immediate inference task (IIT), evaluation task (ET), and production task (PT) to evaluate three experiments. The results of the experiments suggested that students mostly endorsed PC/PI inferences over NC inferences. Even when logicians divided PC/PI separately as PC and PI, individuals endorsed PC most likely as compared to NC, and PI than IPI. Logicians also highlighted fallacies that were continuously resisted and endorsed when students were asked to judge multi-propositions that had NC. The purpose of this experimental study is to present a glimpse of students’ endorsement of multi-propositions and explain that each individual has a different working memory and intelligence.
Sprouts are increasingly present in the human diet, being tasty and healthy foods high in antioxidant compounds. Although there is a body of literature on the sprouting of many plant species, ...Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz has not yet been studied for this purpose. This study aimed to characterize the main bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential of seeds and sprouts of five different Camelina cultivars (ALBA, CO46, CCE43, JOELLE, and VERA). In particular, the contents of phenolic compounds (PCs), phenolic acids (PAs), and glucosinolates (GLSs) were investigated. PCs, PAs, GLSs, and the antioxidant activity of seeds differed among cultivars and were greatly increased by sprouting. A PCA analysis underlined both the effect of the cultivar (PC2) and the germination (PC1) on the nutritional properties of Camelina. The best nutritional properties of seeds were observed for ALBA and CCE43, while the best nutritional properties of sprouts were recorded for CCE43 and JOELLE, since the latter cultivar showed a greater enhancement in phytochemical content and antioxidant activity with sprouting. Finally, a UHPLC-UV procedure for the analysis of GLSs in Camelina was developed and validated. The performance criteria of the proposed method demonstrated that it is useful for the analysis of GLSs in Camelina.
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![Optimization of [beta]-Fruc...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/1330-9862/small "Optimization of [beta]-Fructofuranosidase Production from Agrowaste by Aspergillus carbonarius and Its Application in the Production of Inverted Sugar")
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