Significance Archaeological evidence from the Trieste area (Italy), revealed by airborne remote sensing and geophysical surveys, provides one of the earliest examples of Roman military ...fortifications. They are the only ones identified in Italy so far. Their origin is most likely related to the first year of the second Roman war against the Histri in 178 B.C., reported by Livy, but the sites were in use, perhaps not continuously, at least until the mid first century B.C. The main identified San Rocco military camp is the best candidate for the site of the first Trieste.
An interdisciplinary study of the archaeological landscape of the Trieste area (northeastern Italy), mainly based on airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR), ground penetrating radar (GPR), and archaeological surveys, has led to the discovery of an early Roman fortification system, composed of a big central camp (San Rocco) flanked by two minor forts. The most ancient archaeological findings, including a Greco–Italic amphora rim produced in Latium or Campania, provide a relative chronology for the first installation of the structures between the end of the third century B.C. and the first decades of the second century B.C. whereas other materials, such as Lamboglia 2 amphorae and a military footwear hobnail (type D of Alesia), indicate that they maintained a strategic role at least up to the mid first century B.C. According to archaeological data and literary sources, the sites were probably established in connection with the Roman conquest of the Istria peninsula in 178–177 B.C. They were in use, perhaps not continuously, at least until the foundation of Tergeste, the ancestor of Trieste, in the mid first century B.C. The San Rocco site, with its exceptional size and imposing fortifications, is the main known Roman evidence of the Trieste area during this phase and could correspond to the location of the first settlement of Tergeste preceding the colony foundation. This hypothesis would also be supported by literary sources that describe it as a phrourion (Strabo, V, 1, 9, C 215), a term used by ancient writers to designate the fortifications of the Roman army.
The monograph presents the results of two-year excavations (1982 and 1983) on the late-antique fortified hilltop settlement Korinjski hrib above Veliki Korini in Suha Krajina, where the remains of ...five defence towers and an early Christian church were explored. The settlement was initially recognized as a military post and as such represented an exception in the Eastern Alpine area. Such a definition raised some doubts and dilemmas. These dilemmas are presented - in addition to geographical outline and research history - in the Introduction.The following set presents - in text and with abundant graphic material – field reports of excavations of towers, the church, and a small cemetery.All groups of finds (non-pottery, pottery and coins) and anthropological and archaeological studies are also presented.An extensive chapter is devoted to the interpretation of architectural remains (towers, church, the fort as a whole).The conclusion also discusses the prehistoric settlement, and the results of structural survey of the ruins of church of St George just below the fort.
Intensification of agriculture and land consolidation policy induced the removal of most natural features from farmland, reducing the habitat of many wild species. Abandoned WWII bunkers, unaffected ...by land consolidation, are a potential shelter for wildlife and could be used as burrows by carnivores such as European badgers and red foxes.
We explored 182 abandoned bunkers in a farmland area in eastern France in summer 2016. Bunkers were located in crops, forests, or groves. Over a three-month period, signs of presence, the number and type of burrows inside the bunkers and in their immediate vicinity were noted. Environmental variables were obtained using GIS, and binomial models were created to reveal parameters influencing bunker use by badgers and foxes. The degree of bunkers burrowing was used as a co-variable. Twenty-one groves without bunkers were also studied in order to estimate the added value of bunkers in groves.
Badger and fox tracks were found on 34% of the sites, and burrows on 24% of them with similar rates for badgers and foxes. Animals used partially buried bunkers more than underground or overground bunkers. The sizes of annual crops and urban areas around the bunker were positively correlated with bunker use. The presence of a bunker in groves was positively correlated with the presence of burrows in groves.
As bunkers were widely used by badgers and foxes, they may improve conservation in intensive farming landscapes. We recommend the management of these ruins to facilitate the sustainable installation of a variety of species.
Interested in this research study Alatam "forts" in southern Taif Building, where the researcher studying the thirteen Otma "fortress" survived a field study extends geographically from Taif north to ...the area of Bani Saad, a distance of about 80 km, this Alatam distributed at varying distances, and in accordance with As imposed by geographic region. The researcher recording, documenting, and analyze its inclusion this style of defense installations of units and architectural elements, in addition to shedding light on the factors affecting the architecture of this type of buildings tower south of Taif, and the statement of the importance of and the reasons for building this Alatam and locations, with a rating clearly schemes the remaining models in the region under study architecture after lifting her, and left untouched from the architectural elements and functional. The study concluded to a range of outcomes, including: Most of Atam (forts) south of Taif subject of the study was built according to the two types main match two decks in terms of planning: First, from a square or rectangular divided into a hall or halls lead by Asttrac, the second mode: from a square or rectangular is divided from the inside, and includes every few models pattern. - The study showed that the size and space Alotm building linked by location, and lock it from the population centers and tribes and distributed to residential areas. -The study confirmed that it took into account in the construction of this style of defense and engineering buildings on geographical grounds ultra-fine to meet the jobs that you do, especially security and defense jobs. -The study showed the multiplicity of communication and movement elements in Atam (Atam) Taif, the most important of which entrances, and the element of the stairs, and openings of various kinds. - The study demonstrated that Otam "fortresses" south of Taif subject of the study of which is the collective facilities to ensure members of the tribe or clan or abdominal attacks of enemies, some of which is individual facilities to ensure the availability of a person's privacy for him and his property, and reflect social status. - The study demonstrated that Atam south of Taif subject of the study were used temporarily for a period not long
Астраханский кремль, самый южный кремль России, яркий пример русского оборонного зодчества и самое мощное военно-оборонительное укрепление своего времени, пережил немало осад и нападений. Но во время ...восстания Степана Разина астраханцы, встав на сторону мятежников, сами распахнули ворота южной твердыни. И лишь несколько человек из целого гарнизона остались верны своему воинскому долгу и отчаянно защищали Артиллерийскую башню, одну из непроездных башен крепостной стены. Это были люди князя Каспулата Муцаловича Черкасского и несколько русских пушкарей, под предводительством узденя Казыева. Истории отважной и безнадёжной защиты башни посвящено это исследование.
Ukratko će biti predstavljen projekt REVIVAL, koji je financiran iz programa međugranične suradnje INTERREG V-A Italy – Croatia 2014-2020. Riječ je o stručnom projektu koji uključuje osam partnera u ...sedam gradova u Hrvatskoj i Italiji (nositelj projekta je Općina Forlì, a partneri su Općina Campobasso, Općina Cesenatico, Općina Pesaro, Grad Rijeka, Grad Zadar, Javna ustanova RERA S. D. za koordinaciju i razvoj Splitsko-dalmatinske županije i Sveučilište u Zadru). Projekt se bavi dokumentacijom i revitalizacijom zaboravljene arhitektonske baštine 20. stoljeća. Poseban fokus bit će na pojašnjenju metodologije obrade građe i korištenja novih tehnologija u izgradnji digitalnog centra projekta REVIVAL, kao i na korištenju 360° tehnologije kao sadržaja za e-učenje i dokumentiranje zaboravljene baštine.
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