Formulas adapted to infant feeding, although most of the time made from cow's milk proteins, can be made from hydrolyzed rice protein but they must be classified as "formulas for specific medical ...needs", according to European regulations. The nutritional quality of rice proteins is thus suitable to be used in infant formulas giving that it is supplemented by certain amino acids which can be lacking. Besides, hydrolysis is required to facilitate their water solubility and digestibility. Owing to a low allergenicity of rice and to the absence of the cross-allergy between milk proteins and rice proteins, these formulas are adapted to the diet of children with cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA), which explains their growing use in some countries. However, CMPA, an expanding disorder, has consequences for growth, bone mineralization, and often has an association with allergy to other foods, including cow's milk extensive hydrolysate, so that a surveillance of the adaption of hydrolyzed rice protein formulas (HRPF) to CMPA, the absence of unexpected side effects, and the appropriate response to its various health hazards seems mandatory. This paper analyses the health problem deriving from CMPA, the industrial development of hydrolyzed rice protein formulas, and the limited number of clinical studies, which confirms, at the moment, a good allergic tolerance and safety. The goal is to better advise heath care professionals on their use of HRPFs during CMPA.
The first adverse reactions to cow’s milk were already described 2000years ago. However, it was only 50years ago that several groups started with the analysis of cow’s milk allergens. Meanwhile the ...spectrum of allergy eliciting proteins within cow’s milk is identified and several cow’s milk allergens have been characterized regarding their biochemical properties, fold and IgE binding epitopes. The diagnosis of cow’s milk allergy is diverse ranging from fast and cheap in vitro assays to elaborate in vivo assays. Considerable effort was spent to improve the diagnosis from an extract-based into a component resolved concept. There is still no suitable therapy available against cow’s milk allergy except avoidance. Therefore research needs to focus on the development of suitable and safe immunotherapies that do not elicit severe side effect.
Although the effect of lactation stage is similar, the responses of milk yield and composition (fat and protein contents) to different types of lipid supplements differ greatly between goats and ...cows. Milk fat content increases with almost all studied fat supplements in goats but not in cows. However, the response of milk fatty acid (FA) composition is similar, at least for major FA, including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in goats and cows supplemented with either protected or unprotected lipid supplements. Goat milk CLA content increases sharply after either vegetable oil supplementation or fresh grass feeding, but does not change markedly when goats receive whole untreated oilseeds. Important interactions are observed between the nature of forages and of oil supplements on trans-10 and trans-11 C18:1 and CLA. Peculiarities of goat milk FA composition and lipolytic system play an important role in the development of either goat flavor (release of branched, medium-chain FA) or rancidity (excessive release of butyric acid). The lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, although lower in goat than in cow milk, is more bound to the fat globules and better correlated to spontaneous lipolysis in goat milk. The regulation of spontaneous lipolysis differs widely between goats and cows. Goat milk lipolysis and LPL activity vary considerably and in parallel across goat breeds or genotypes, and are low during early and late lactation, as well as when animals are underfed or receive a diet supplemented with protected or unprotected vegetable oils. This could contribute to decreases in the specific flavor of goat dairy products with diets rich in fat.
In this review, clinical and epidemiological aspects of milk allergy along with current data on the structure and function of the main cow's milk allergens, are presented. Milk allergy is the most ...frequent food allergy in childhood. One of the reasons why allergy to cow's milk shows its highest prevalence in children is its early introduction into the diets of infants when breast feeding is not possible. The major allergens are caseins, a-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin, but allergies to other minor proteins (immunoglobulins, bovine serum albumin) have also been reported. Milk allergenicity can be reduced by various processing methods (mainly hydrolysis), and processed formulas based on cow's milk can often be safely introduced to children allergic to milk proteins. Cross reactivity has been described between different mammalian milks and between milk and meat or animal dander.
The intestinal microbiome plays an important role in maintaining health throughout life. The microbiota develops progressively after birth and is influenced by many factors, including the mode of ...delivery, antibiotics, and diet. Maternal milk is critically important to the development of the neonatal intestinal microbiota. Different bioactive components of milk, such as human milk oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, and secretory immunoglobulins, modify the composition of the neonatal microbiota. In this article, we review the role of each of these maternal milk-derived bioactive factors on the microbiota and how this modulation of intestinal bacteria shapes health, and disease.
The mammary gland has an incredible level of organization and a remarkable ability to convert circulating nutrients into milk components. This review highlights four areas of high interest in the ...biology of milk synthesis where advances over the last quarter-century have resulted in new understanding or revealed new opportunities. First, advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of milk secretion has led to a substantial increase in our knowledge of the intracellular origin of lipid droplets and the identity and potential function of milk fat globule membrane proteins in milk-lipid secretion. Second, recent breakthroughs have advanced our understanding of the nutritional regulation of milk fat and highlighted the interrelations between dietary components, digestive processes in the rumen, and the regulation of mammary synthesis of milk fat. Third, nutritional quality is becoming increasingly important in food choices because of consumer awareness of the links between diet and health. The traditional nutritional value of milk and dairy products is well established, but recent discoveries have identified a number of “bioactive” components in milk with potential to improve human health. Finally, the concept of genetic engineering and the use of animals as “bioreactors” and the “pharming” of proteins not normally found in milk have gained recognition, with the dairy industry ideally suited to take advantage of advances in these areas.
The ability of three milk-based extenders to preserve the motility and viability of cooled shipped semen produced by stallions after a long sexual rest was evaluated. In total, 21 ejaculates from 11 ...stallions were collected after 5-6 months of sexual inactivity and diluted with Kenney, INRA 96, and EquiPlus. Seven parameters were evaluated--spermatozoa viability (VIT, %), total motility (MOT, %), progressive motility (PMOT, %), number of progressive spermatozoa per ml (prog M/ml, million/ml), average path velocity (VAP, microm/s), curvilinear velocity (VCL, microm/s) and straight-line velocity of spermatozoa (VSP, microm/s). These parameters were determined by CASA 2 hours after semen processing and then in 24, 48 and 72-hour intervals of storage at 5 degreesC. The effect of storage time was highly significant (P<0,001) for all evaluated parameters. The effect of the extender was significant (P<0.05) for VIT, MOT, PMOT, VCL, VSL and VAP. The ejaculates extended with INRA 96 reached significantly (P<0.01) higher values for all evaluated parameters compared to Kenney extender. The INRA 96 extender significantly increased the values of PMOT, VCL and VAP compared to EquiPlus (P<0.05). In all observed extenders, MOT and VIT decreased linearly whereas PMOT decreased exponentially. The fastest decrease of PMOT was observed within 24 hours of storage. The results obtained from using INRA 96 showed that quality of cooled semen for stallions collected after a long period of sexual inactivity can be sufficiently maintained during at least 24 hours of storage.
Scope
Human milk exosomes provide a natural means of genetic material transfer to infants; however, the effect of gastric/pancreatic digestion milk exosomes stability and their microRNA content is ...largely unknown.
Methods and results
We took a simulated gastric/pancreatic digestion protocol to perform in vitro digestion of milk exosomes, explore intestinal epithelial uptake, and further elucidate microRNA responses to digestion at early‐, mid‐, late lactation by massive parallel sequencing. Both undigested and digested exosomes enter human intestinal crypt‐like cells (HIEC), with evidence of nuclear localization. We identified 288 mature microRNAs from all 24 exosome samples, and an additional 610 at low abundance. A large number of synapse development‐ and immune‐related microRNAs were identified. hsa‐miR‐22‐3p was the most abundant microRNA, and the top 15 microRNAs contributed ∼11% of the sequencing reads. Upon digestion, the overall microRNA abundance in human milk exosomes was stable.
Conclusion
Our results for the first time reveal the survivability and complexity of human milk exosome microRNAs upon simulated gastric/pancreatic digestion, and the dynamics during lactation stages. The results suggest a previously underexplored area of infant response to genetic material in human milk exosomes.
After simulated gastric/pancreatic digestion mimicking human infant gut environment, human milk exosomes are taken up by crypt‐like HIEC cells, with evidence of nuclear localization. Two hundred and eighty eight mature exosome microRNAs from 24 milk samples collected at different lactation stages, and an additional 610 at low abundance. A large number of synapse development‐ and immune‐related microRNAs were identified. Upon digestion, the overall microRNA abundance in human milk exosomes was stable.
Human milk is recommended as the optimal source of nutrition for babies up to six months of age, as it provides individualized, specific and abundant nutritional compounds, as well as immunological ...protection. Currently, there is wide interest in studying human milk because of this key role, as well as identification of biologically active compounds. In addition, human milk banks play an important role in supplying donor human milk to infants, especially premature infants, in hospitals, which involves processing and storage of such milk.
This review summarises recent studies on macronutrients in human milk, including their structure, levels, influencing factors, and contributions to the health benefits of infants. Physico-chemical properties of human milk are also reviewed, including pH, colour, stability of casein micelles, size and zeta-potential of fat globules, heat stability, freeze-thaw effect, dehydration and phase separation, and the impact of preservation processes on these.
The levels of human milk macronutrients and factors that influence these, such as lactation and gestational age, are ongoing research topics. Studies on physicochemical properties of some human milk components, such as caseins, are comparatively few, as research has mainly focused on bioactive peptides, milk fat globule membrane and human milk oligosaccharides. Processing and preservation are applied to human milk and the effects of these methods on the retention of human milk nutrients for use in human milk banks and hospitals must be considered. Some physico-chemical properties, such as milk pH, colour, and physical stability, may be possible indicators of milk quality.
•Studies on the levels of macronutrients in human milk are summarized.•Physiochemical properties of human milk are reviewed.•Technologies for preservation of human milk, such as heating, high-pressure treatment and drying, are discussed.•Reports on the stability of human milk nutrients following such preservation steps are reviewed.
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